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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for drunk driving
92 results foundAuthor: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Title: Guidelines for Community Supervision of DWI offenders Summary: The guidelines presented in this document are intended to provide a framework for developing, implementing and operating effective programs for the community supervision of DWI offenders. These strategies are recommended to achieve the best possible outcomes and to provide a structure from which to build a solid approach and direction to ensure long-term public safety by reducing recidivism through offender behavioral change. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2008. 96p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117803 Keywords: Community-based CorrectionsDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingProbation |
Author: Goss, Cynthia W. Title: Increased Police Patrols for Preventing Alcohol-Impaired Driving Summary: This review assesses the effects on injuries and crashes of increased police patrols that target alcohol-impaired driving. Details: Cochrane Library, 2008, issue 4 Source: Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117836 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingPolice Patrol |
Author: Kelley-Baker, Tara Title: Citizen Reporting of DUI - Extra Eyes to Identify Impaired Driving Summary: The concept of citizen reporting of impaired driving has been in place for decades in the United States but has not been carefully evaluated as a separate countermeasure. NHTSA has taken the initiative to look more closely at a citizen reporting program to assess whether such programs are potentially effective in helping to reduce impaired driving. Montgomery County, Maryland, has created a highly focused variant of the citizen reporting concept, called Operation Extra Eyes, in which private citizens are trained in DUI detection cues and equipped with communication devices so they can report suspected impaired drivers to the police more directly and quickly. Community volunteers are deployed during times of intensified enforcement, such as saturation patrols, allowing police to respond more quickly to potential violations. This activity is Supplemented by student volunteers who are stationed in arrest processing areas and assist police officers in fulfilling DUI paperwork requirements. Information for this evaluation was gathered from interviews with key participants, from surveys of patrol officers, and from surveys of Motor Vehicle Administration customers. Addition data were obtained from state and local crash records. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Office of Impaired Driving and Occupant Protection Source: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 116482 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingVolunteers |
Author: Caldwell-Aden, Laura Title: Preventing First-Time DWI Offenses: First-Time Offenders in CAlifornia, New York, and Florida: An Analysis of Past Criminality and Associated Criminal Justice Interventions Summary: Research suggests that there are far more people driving impaired than arrested each year. Additional data supports that a person arrested for the first time for driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while impaired (DWI) may have driven many times impaired before getting caught. This report details a study that determined if there were common prior offenses among first-time DWI offenders, and to identify strategies that are used to address the identified offenses to determine if there are potential opportunities to expand those efforts to prevent impaired driving. Details: Seabrook, MD: 1 Source Consulting/Marvyn Consulting, 2009. 140p. Source: Sponsoring Agency: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118297 Keywords: Assault WeaponsDriving Under the Influence (DUI)Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)Drug CartelsDrunk DrivingGun Violence (Mexico)Homicides |
Author: Solomon, Mark G. Title: The 2006 National Labor Day Impaired Driving Enforcement Crackdown: Drunk Driving. Over the Limit. Under Arrest Summary: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2006 Drunk Driving. Over the Limit. Under Arrest. Labor Day holiday campaign had three main components: (1) DWI enforcement, (2) public awareness efforts, and (3) evaluation. The program used approximately $10 million in Congressionally funded television and radio advertisements. The message was that police would arrest drivers if they were caught driving drunk. Thirty states reported spending $8 million locally on similar messages. Eighteen nights of enforcement focused on apprehending intoxicated drivers. Forty-eight states reported over 40,000 DWI arrests. National random sample telephone surveys conducted prior to and just after the campaign found that the media effort increased awareness of the enforcement crackdown and a small increase in the perceived likelihood of being stopped for drinking and driving, but indicated no self-reported changes in drinking driving behavior. The number of alcohol-related fatalities were essentially unchanged from the year before; drivers with positive blood alcohol concentrations who were male, aged 18 to 34, decreased in number from 2005 to 2006. Case studies document recent efforts in 8 states, demonstrating that states can achieve significant reductions in alcohol-related crashes when they engage in sustained high-visibility enforcement. Several of these states accomplished sizable decreases in alcohol-related deaths due to their programs. Details: Trumbull, CT: Preusser Research Group, Inc., 2008. 44p., app. Source: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118530 Keywords: AlcoholCrackdownsDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingMedia CampaignsPublicitySobriety Checkpoints |
Author: Compton, Richard P. Title: Reducing Impaired-Driving Recidivism Using Advanced Vehicle-Based Alcohol Detection Systems: A Report to Congress Summary: Vehicle-based alcohol detection systems use technologies designed to detect the presence of alcohol in a driver. Technology suitable for use in all vehicles that will detect an impaired driver faces many challenges including public acceptability, passive operation, invulnerability to circumvention and tampering, the ability to verify that the test was performed on the driver, and the capability to perform accurately and reliably throughout the life of the vehicle without excessive requirement for maintenance. Several alcohol detection technologies are reviewed in this report: breath sample analysis, tissue spectroscopy, transdermal perspiration measurement, eye movements, detecting alcohol vapor in the vehicle, driver and driving performance measurement. Technology for use with impaired-driving offenders (i.e., breath alcohol ignition interlock systems) is currently in use, and is practical, accurate, reliable, and relatively low-cost. The report offers suggestions for potential next steps including increasing the use of breath alcohol ignition interlocks among DWI offenders and continuing research and development on tissue spectroscopy and other transparent and non-invasive methods of measuring alcohol in drivers. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2007. 18p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 114876 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock DevicesDrinking and Traffic AccidentsDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingRecidivism, Prevention |
Author: Creaser, Janet Title: Evaluation of Minnesota's Operation NightCAP Program: Final Report Summary: This project evaluated Minnesota Department of Public Safety's Operation NightCAP (Concentrated Alcohol Patrol) Program. This overtime enforcement program uses saturation patrols to identify impaired drivers. The project consisted of three tasks: a crash data analysis, a driver survey and an officer survey. The crash analysis indicated that saturation patrols have a marginally statistically significant effect on the decrease in fatal and severe-injury alcohol-related crashes rates in Minnesota. The effect of a single saturation is small (~0.1%), indicating that many patrols would be needed to see significant decreases in alcohol-related crash rates. A survey of 5000 Minnesota drivers in six counties resulted in 838 completed surveys. Approximately 19% of Minnesota drivers are aware of the program. Drivers' beliefs about impaired driving influenced their perception of alcohol-enforcement programs and their choices to drive after drinking. Fourteen program coordinators and 86 law enforcement officers from the program also responded to a survey and shared their perceptions about the program's effectiveness. Main conclusions drawn from the surveys were that saturation patrols are not highly visible to the public and the current program advertising is not very effective in communities where it is active. Main recommendations are to improve patrol visibility and associated advertising. Details: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2007. 62p., app. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118752 Keywords: Alcohol-Related CrashesDrunk DrivingPolice PatrolsPublicity CampaignsSaturation Patrols |
Author: Fell, James C. Title: Evaluation of Seven Publicized Enforcement Demonstration Programs to Reduce Impaired Driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan Summary: Between 2000 and 2003, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funded seven alcohol demonstration projects designed to reduce impaired driving through well-publicized and highly visible enforcement. The projects were conducted in seven states: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan. This report describes the program evaluations conducted in all seven states. In each of the seven states, funding supported increased enforcement and publicity. In Georgia, Indiana, and Michigan funding was provided for paid advertising. Each state acted as a case study because the type and amount of publicity and enforcement differed substantially. Details: Calverton, MD: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2008. 141p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118751 Keywords: Drunk DrivingPolice PatrolPublicity CampaignsSaturation PatrolsSobriety Checkpoints |
Author: Robertson, Robyn D. Title: Alcohol Interlocks: Planning for Success. Proceedings of the 9th International Alcohol Interlock Symposium Summary: This report presents the findings from a symposium which addressed the issue of alcohol interlock systems. The symposium and the subsequents from it are designed to assist jurisdictions that have implemented, that are implementing or that are considering implementing alcohol interlocks to plan for success by sharing with them how to build and develop the essential ingredients of a successful interlock strategy. The information in this report summarizes what is currently known in the field, what issues or challenges still need to be addressed, and what current thinking is regarding potential ways these issues can be resolved. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2009. 64p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119110 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Interlock DevicesDrinking and Traffic AccidentsDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Brace, Charlotte Title: The Relationship Between Crime and Road Safety Summary: The aim of this project was to review the literature on the relationship between crime and road safety, to identify pertinent Victorian crime and road safety data, and discuss how such data can be utilised to examine the relationship between crime and road safety. Of specific interest was the relationship between criminal activity of individuals and the likelihood of these individuals being involved in a fatal or serious injury outcome road crash. The key findings of this research suggests that t here is a positive relationship between: general negative behaviour (e.g. involvement in antisocial behaviours) and risky driving behaviour; criminal behaviour and traffic offences (specifically violence, theft & burglary and recidivist/drink driving, driving whilst disqualified; risky traffic behaviour contributing to a crash and criminal history (particularly for violent crime, vandalism, property crime, and involvement in traffic crime), and; crash involvement, drink driving and general criminal history including theft, car theft, drug and alcohol related crimes, violence and property damage. This report documents a variety of approaches that have been adopted internationally to examine these relationships, and highlights that such work has not been undertaken in Victoria to date. Moreover, the limitations and barriers for linking crime and road safety data in Victoria are discussed and these predominantly concern privacy and ethics, matching of data, issues with data analysis and cost/resource factors. A number of recommendations are made to overcome these data limitations, and to explore more fully the relationship between crime and road safety in Victoria. Details: Victoria, Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre, 2009. 60p. Source: Internet Resource; Report No. 284 Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119337 Keywords: Alcohol Related CrimeAutomobile TheftCrime (Victoria, Australia)Drunk DrivingMotor Vehicle TheftRecidivismTraffic OffensesVandalism |
Author: South Australia Police Title: Alcohol and Crime: Late Night Liquor Trading and the Real Cost of a Big Night Out in the Adelaide CBD Summary: This report focuses on the impact of alcohol misuse on violence, social disorder and drink driving in the late-night economy of the Adelaide Central Business District (CBD). The key issue addressed is whether the State of South Australia currently has the appropriate balance of policy settings to allow the beneficial aspects of alcohol consumption to be enjoyed in the CBD, while minimising the costs and harms. Reducing the level of alcohol-related crime, disorder and injury in the Adelaide CBD is not simply a matter of having more police. There is every reason to believe that this approach would not only be extremely expensive, but unsuccessful. Given the complex nature of these problems, they require approaches that involve a range of key stakeholders. These stakeholders include the SA Police (SAPOL), the Adelaide City Council (ACC), liquor licensees, the Office of the Liquor and Gambling Commissioner, health agencies and providers of transport services. There is increasing community disquiet and media focus on problems of alcohol-related violence, public disorder and drink driving occurring in, and emanating from, the CBD. While this has predominantly focused on Hindley Street, increasing levels of problems are also occurring in Hutt, Gouger, Waymouth and Rundle Streets. This means that SAPOL’s resources need to be spread more thinly to respond to this trend. Over the last two and a half decades there has been a substantial increase in the availability of alcohol in the Adelaide CBD. This proliferation has occurred across several axes. These include: an increased number of licensed premises; an increased number of different types of licensed premises; increased hours of availability; an increased number of beverage types; and an increased number of special events licences. Several premises in Hindley Street and its environs have the capacity to trade 24 hours a day on the basis of them being in a tourist location. The extent to which this 24-hour trading actually contributes to the vitality of the tourism industry is very unclear. SA Police data indicate that 97.6% of those apprehended for offences and 97.9% of victims of offences in the CBD had a home postcode within South Australia. On the one hand, there could be a large number of tourists who are attracted to and utilising the CBD, who have an exceptional capacity to avoid trouble, either as an offender or a victim. The alternative possibility is that the current late-night trading arrangements are predominantly catering for the local, rather than the tourist, market. Having 24-hour trading means that there is no ‘recovery time’ for the precinct and there is little, if any, gap between the night-time users of the precinct leaving and the day-time users arriving. As a result, the day-time users of the area encounter the individuals left over from the night before and the often unsavoury results of their activities. The Australian and international research on the relationship between extended trading hours and a high density of alcohol outlets, and their adverse impact on alcohol-related social harms, is overwhelming and irrefutable. That is, as the hours of trading and the density of licensed outlets increase, so do the frequency of problems such as assaults. These findings are particularly relevant to the situation in Hindley Street in which the 24- hour trading premises are located relatively close to each other. There is also good evidence that reducing the hours of liquor trading reduces many of these harms. Details: Adelaide: South Australia Police, 2010. 41p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119412 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime and DisorderDrunk DrivingNuisance Behaviors and Disorders |
Author: Ramirez, Rebecca Title: A Campaign to Reduce Impaired Driving Through Retail-Oriented Enforcement in Washington State Summary: The Washington State Liquor Control Board (WSLCB) launched its DUI Reduction Program in 2002 with the immediate goal of reducing sales to intoxicated people through enforcement directed at bars and restaurants. The program targets those establishments that produce high levels of DUI arrests. The ultimate and long-term program goal is to reduce DUI arrests and alcohol-related traffic crashes. The DUI Reduction Program showed great promise, with anecdotal reports suggesting that it reduced sales to intoxicated people at the targeted retail establishments. To assess the impact of the program, WSLCB joined with the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation to conduct the Washington Enforcement and DUI Reduction demonstration project with funding from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The demonstration project was designed to assess the feasibility of implementing the DUI reduction program in a more standardized manner and of assessing the effects of the program on three outcome measures: retailer willingness to sell alcohol to apparently intoxicated people, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels of drivers arrested for DUI, and DUI arrestees naming establishments exposed to the program as their place of last drink. The results of this demonstration project are mixed. The evaluation detected no change in retail practices; however, it did produce two promising findings: reductions in the average number of monthly DUI arrests in intervention sites and reductions in average BAC levels among DUI arrestees. Several factors limit the potency of findings: small sample size, variation in the protocol for the delivery of education material, retailers’ level of exposure to responsible beverage server training, possible erosion of effects, and the level of enforcement activity in comparison sites. The evaluation suggests that a stronger intervention involving enforcement of sales to intoxicated persons laws and related educational outreach may produce all desired results but that further evaluations will be needed. This report concludes with suggestions for how future tests of similar interventions could be improved. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2008. 16p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117339 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the Influence (DUI)Drunk Driving |
Author: Robertson, Robyn D. Title: The Implementation of Alcohol Interlocks for First Offenders: A Case Study Summary: Alcohol ignition interlocks are a proven tool to effectively monitor impaired driving offenders and reduce recidivism. Today, almost all U.S. jurisdictions have implemented an alcohol interlock law targeting repeat and even high-BAC offenders. More recently, at least 12 jurisdictions have moved to also include some or all first offenders in alcohol interlock legislation and several others are considering such laws. In order to learn from those states that have already implemented a first offender alcohol interlock law, the Traffic Injury Research Foundation conducted a case study to examine the experience of Illinois and compare it to the experiences of four other jurisdictions. The purpose of this case study was to gain insight into how legislation is translated into operational practices, and to provide guidance to other jurisdictions using the knowledge that has been gained to inform decision-making. The report summarizes research relevant to the use of alcohol interlocks for first offenders. It also documents the process employed by and the tasks completed in Illinois to implement their first offender alcohol interlock law. The report contains an overview of the resources that were allocated to the process and compares the results in Illinois with experiences in Colorado, Nebraska, New York and Washington, representing the diverse nature of alcohol interlock programs. Recommendations to assist other jurisdictions are formulated and discussed. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2010. 58p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119511 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Interlock DevicesDrinking and Traffic AccidentsDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: National Latino Council on Alcohol and Tobacco Prevention Title: Priorities for Reducing Alcohol-Related Driving Among Latino Communities Summary: This report presents the highlights from a meeting designed to dicuss a national strategy to prevent impaired driving in the Latino community. Presenters shared the latest data, research, and promising strategies for reducing impaired driving, and participants had the opportunity to discuss issues, exchange ideas, identify additional strategies, and make recommendations for further progress. Details: Washington, DC: U.D. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2010. 80p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119514 Keywords: Alcohol Related CrashesDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Marques, Paul R. Title: Key Features for Ignition Interlock Programs Summary: This report describes an effort to document alcohol ignition interlock programs in the United States in order to highlight those programs or program features that are believed to be best able to serve traffic safety interests. Information has been gathered into this report bearing on important interlock program features together with some recommendations for States to consider as programs are developed. This publication reflects information of the time it was written. Therefore, some statements may be outdated. In addition to the literature search and telephone conversations with State experts identified by Governors Highway Safety Representatives, wide ranging commentary was provided by key informants during a parallel effort to document interlock program features undertaken by the Interlock Working Group of the International Council of Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS). All the above sources of information were compiled into a preliminary report in order to frame the discussion for an expert panel meeting. This final report represents the views of the authors, but also reflects input from panelists, written commentary to the IWG, and documented, published sources. The general topics in the body of this report include the following: program enrollment issues; interlock program ramp-up and expansion; standardization of reporting and information flow; program compliance, noncompliance and interlock removal; linkages to treatment; differences in court-based judicial programs and motor vehicle administered interlock programs; suggested core elements of interlock programs; and miscellaneous other topics. The authors believe that the single major difference among panelists centered on whether interlocks should play a role in the monitoring of court-ordered alcohol abstinence. This final report will be useful to anyone concerned about interlock implementation and traffic safety. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2010. 80p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119515 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: U.S. Department of Transporation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Title: A Summary Report of Six Demonstration Projects To Reduce Alcohol-Impaired Driving Among 21- to 34-Year-Old Drivers Summary: This report summarizes six projects designed to address impaired driving among 21- to 34-year-olds. The report is organized into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the background and initiation of the projects. The second chapter provides a summary of each project’s purpose, underlying theory or model, setting, intervention, and evaluation techniques. The strategies were implemented in a variety of settings, using a number of innovative techniques for addressing and evaluating impaired driving interventions. The third chapter describes the characteristics of the interventions and promising practices. The fourth chapter discusses the process evaluation techniques that were applied and describes steps taken to develop, implement, and modify the impaired driving interventions. The fifth chapter is a summary of the document and provides explanation of the projects implications and utility for program planners. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2008. 35p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119516 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Stuster, Jack Title: Creating Impaired Driving General Deterrence: Eight Case Studies of Sustained, High-Visibility, Impaired-Driving Enforcement Summary: This document presents eight case studies of selected programmatic efforts intended to reduce the incidence of impaired driving and in other ways improve traffic safety. Each of the programs is unique, but all eight are characterized by sustained, highvisibility, special impaired driving enforcement activity and all are supported by vigorous publicity and education campaigns. The purpose of this collection of case studies is to provide law enforcement managers and others with information about how they might develop similar programs in their jurisdictions. Twenty-nine special enforcement programs from across the United States were investigated and summarized during this project, from which a sample of programs was selected for additional study and description. The resulting eight case studies include information about: Distinguishing Features; Setting; Background and Planning; Special Enforcement Methods; Frequency of Operations and Duration of Program; Participation; Public Awareness and Program Visibility; Funding; Lessons Learned; Evidence of Program Effect; and, Contacts. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2006. 100p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119524 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingLaw EnforcementPublicity Campaigns |
Author: Syner, Joey Title: Strategic Evaluation States Initiative - Case STudies of Alaska, Georgia, and West Virginia Summary: In 2002, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration undertook a new approach that focused strategically on reducing alcohol-related crashes, injuries, and deaths in States with especially high numbers or rates of alcohol-related fatalities. The agency identified 13 States to participate in the Strategic Evaluation States (SES) initiative: Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and West Virginia. In 2005, NHTSA invited Missouri and South Carolina to join the program bringing the total number of States participating to 15. These 15 States accounted for more than half of the alcohol-related fatalities in the United States. Four common threads surfaced in the SES with successful sustained impaired driving enforcement programs: 1. High-visibility, multi-agency enforcement operations on a monthly basis and year round with a focus on areas that accounted for 65 percent of the alcohol fatality problem, 2. Charismatic leadership that secured commitments from law enforcement agencies and provided clear guidance on the direction of the DWI enforcement program, 3. Law enforcement training, and 4. Targeted messaging through earned and paid media along with outreach efforts. This document provides a summary of the impaired driving enforcement and communication activities of three States (Alaska, Georgia, and West Virginia) that participated in the SES program between 2002 and 2005. The case studies illustrate how each State adopted the sustained DWI enforcement strategy and tailored its approach to respond to the needs, resources, and political environment of its law enforcement agencies. These case studies do not represent a formal, scientific evaluation of the overall SES initiative nor should the approaches be viewed as “one size fits all.” NHTSA hopes the case studies will be useful as an implementation guide for planning and conducting effective, highly visible impaired driving DWI enforcement efforts using a variety of approaches. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2008. 41p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 2010 at http://www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 117640 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Zwicker, T.J. Title: West Virginia's Impaired Driving High-Visibility Enforcement Campaign, 2003-2005 Summary: In 2002, West Virginia became a Strategic Evaluation State for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Impaired Driving High-Visibility Enforcement campaign. The State implemented NHTSA’s model publicity and enforcement program in targeted counties to reduce impaired driving and alcohol-related fatalities. The State spent nearly $3.4 million on the campaign from 2003 through 2005, or an average of about 62 cents per resident each year. The campaign began during the July 4th holiday period in 2003 and was sustained for the next 27 months, running through September 2005. Statewide DMV surveys in targeted counties indicated that drivers reported significantly more often after the campaign that they had heard about impaired driving in West Virginia and had been through a sobriety checkpoint. Roadside surveys of driver blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) indicated a significant decrease in the proportion of drivers with a positive BAC at the end of the campaign compared to the same period the previous year. In addition, autoregressive integrated moving average analysis performed on the alcohol-related fatality trend for the targeted counties indicated a significant decrease by an estimated 1 fewer fatality each month. The total fatalities saved in the targeted counties totaled about 18 in the year and a half of data available following the July 2003 start of the campaign. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2007. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2010 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/WVAImpairedDrivingLow.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/WVAImpairedDrivingLow.pdf Shelf Number: 119636 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingImpaired Driving CountermeasuresMedia CampaignsPublicity CampaignsSobriety Checkpoints |
Author: White, William L. Title: Recognizing, Managing and Containing the "Hard Core Drinking Driver" Summary: The 1.5 million persons arrested each year for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs (DUI) constitute a growing portion of the caseloads of the nation’s probation officers (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002). The sheer volume of these cases poses the challenge of determining which DUI offenders pose the greatest threat to public safety and require more rigorous monitoring and case management. There is growing consensus that more sophisticated approaches are needed to examine how particular risk factors interact to predict DUI recidivism and future involvement in alcohol-related crashes (C’de Baca, Miller, & Lapham, 2001). This article responds to that challenge by reviewing the research on the highest risk DUI offenders, introducing the Hard Core Drinking Driver Checklist, and discussing principles probation officers can utilize to effectively manage the hard core drinking driver (HCDD). Details: Springfield, IL: Institute for Legal and Policy Studies, Center for State Policy and Leadership, University of Illinois at Springfield, 2006. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2010 at: http://www.mayahennessey.com/pdfs/HCD_diver_paper.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.mayahennessey.com/pdfs/HCD_diver_paper.pdf Shelf Number: 115377 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingProbation Officers |
Author: Vanlaar, Ward Title: Understanding Behavioural Patterns of Interlocked Offenders to Inform the Efficient and Effective Implementation of Interlock Programs: How Offenders on an Interlock Learn to Comply Summary: In a growing number of jurisdictions around the world an increased demand for the use of alcohol interlocks is evident. In order to inform decision-making regarding the use of interlocks in programs it is crucial that program administrators and practitioners understand behavioural patterns of offenders on an interlock. Insight into compliance rates of interlocked offenders throughout their time on the interlock can guide administrators with regard to program development and implementation, particularly in relation to logistical aspects of programs and the requisite resources to support it. The objectives of this study are to shed light on the behavioural patterns of offenders on an interlock, specifically with respect to their compliance with device requirements and program rules and to illustrate how such knowledge can be used to inform the implementation and delivery of interlock programs. This study was conducted for the Dutch Ministry of Transport to provide empirical information needed to inform the implementation of the Dutch interlock program. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/How_Offenders_Learn_to_Comply_4.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/How_Offenders_Learn_to_Comply_4.pdf Shelf Number: 120076 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock DevicesDrinking and Traffic AccidentsDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Robertson, Robyn D. Title: The Implementation of Alcohol Interlocks for Offenders: A Roadmap Summary: Alcohol ignition interlocks are a proven tool to effectively monitor impaired driving offenders and reduce recidivism. Today, almost all U.S. jurisdictions have implemented an alcohol interlock law targeting repeat and even high-BAC offenders. More recently, at least 12 jurisdictions have moved to also include some or all first offenders in alcohol interlock legislation and several others are considering such laws. The Roadmap was designed to help administrators and staff plan, develop and implement improvements to alcohol interlock strategies to ensure that the goals and objectives of legislation are achieved. It contains practical steps to guide the implementation of alcohol interlock devices as part of a strategy targeting either repeat, high blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or first offenders. Critical steps in the process ranging from the drafting of legislation and the development of an implementation, to the organization of staff education and public awareness through to the creation of an evaluation plan for the strategy are discussed. Important considerations and caveats that impact decision-making at each stage of the process are also highlighted. The Roadmap was created with input from seasoned professionals who have played a leadership role in these initiatives or who have been intimately involved in interlock delivery. Input was sought from representatives of driver licensing, criminal justice, and hybrid (licensing and justice combined) interlock initiatives to achieve a balanced and inclusive perspective on effective strategies to apply these tools to supervise drunk drivers. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2010. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 5, 2010 at: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/publications_show.php?pub_id=254 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/publications_show.php?pub_id=254 Shelf Number: 120192 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Marques, Paul R. Title: Evaluation of the New Mexico Ignition Interlock Program Summary: This Evaluation of the New Mexico Ignition Interlock Program begins by summarizing the development of alcohol ignition interlock devices, laws, and programs during the past 22 years. It then reviews the laws that were written in New Mexico from 1999 to 2005. It goes on to characterize current penetration of interlocks relative to alcohol-related risk indicators, followed by detailed methodological reports on eight studies undertaken to understand the effects of several aspects of the New Mexico laws. The eight studies include (1) an evaluation of recidivism among court-mandated offenders who were required to install interlocks but were not allowed to drive those cars; (2) an evaluation of recidivism differences of first-time offenders who installed interlocks relative to matched offenders who did not; (3) an evaluation of the effect of an interlock licensing law that allows revoked DWI offenders to install an interlock on an insured vehicle and drive that way during the remainder of their revocation period; (4) an evaluation of a strong mandate in Santa Fe County during a 2-year period in which electronically monitored house arrest was required for offenders who did not want to have an interlock or claimed no plan to drive; (5) an evaluation of the patterns of elevated BAC tests by hour of the day and day of the week from among the more than 10 million New Mexico breath tests collected by interlock devices; (6) a comparative evaluation of predictors of recidivism including prior DWI, measures of drinking from the interlock event record, age, and other predictors; (7) a report on an interview process that included key informants, such as judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and probation officers, who manage or administer the interlock program; and (8) a report on focus group findings with interlock-using DWI offenders. Each of the eight studies is reported with Methods, Results, and Comments sections. The conclusion summarizes key findings and places the New Mexico results in the larger context of the national effort to reduce impaired-driving-related injuries and deaths. This report begins with an executive summary that touches on all these topics, including key findings, lessons learned, and potential areas for improvement of the New Mexico program. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2010. 312p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 11, 2010 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811410.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811410.pdf Shelf Number: 120445 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While Intoxicated (New Mexico)Drunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramRecidivism |
Author: Loudenburg, Roland Title: South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program Evaluation Findings Report Summary: The South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program was developed in direct response to the overwhelming need to address repeat impaired driving offenses in South Dakota. The 24/7 Sobriety Program addresses the problem in a nontraditional manner. An external evaluation firm was engaged to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. This report is the first to evaluate the South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program's effect on DUI recidivism. This report evaluates the South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program’s overall effectiveness in reducing DUI recidivism among PBTx2 participants through data review and statistical analysis. The report is prepared in conjunction with the South Dakota Attorney General's Office and the South Dakota Department of Public Safety. This report utilizes participant data maintained on the Attorney General’s Office 24/7 Sobriety Program web based database (24/7 Database) and offender data maintained by the Unified Judicial System (UJS). Initial sections of the report provide a general description of the 24/7 Sobriety Program, participants, and a summary of test results for twice a day PBT testing (PBTx2). Later sections of the report focus on recidivism analysis of DUI offenders participating in PBTx2. In those later sections, DUI recidivism rates for program participants are compared to nonparticipants using three approaches. Details: Salem, SD: Mountain Plains Evaluation, LLC, 2010. 36p. Source: Internet Resoruce: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://atg.sd.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=yDN959bSoXE%3D&tabid=442 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://atg.sd.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=yDN959bSoXE%3D&tabid=442 Shelf Number: 121055 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcoholismDriving Under the Influence (South Dakota)Drunk DrivingRecidivism |
Author: Beirness, Douglas J. Title: An Investigation of the Usefulness, the Acceptability and Impact on Lifestyle of Alcohol Ignition Interlocks in Drink-Driving Offenders Summary: Significant inroads have been made in the past two decades in the fight against drink driving. Many types of countermeasures have been developed and implemented. Despite the dramatic reduction in drink driving and the dramatic change in societal attitudes related to this behaviour, drink driving is still a significant cause of accidents and casualties. One of the relatively recent countermeasures is the alcohol ignition interlock, a technological solution that prevents engine operation if a sample containing alcohol above a set level is provided by the driver. This research project reviewed existing interlock programmes and examined the practical issues that arise from setting up and operating a programme that involved the use of this technology by convicted drink drivers. The report describes the technology, the existing interlock programmes and their effectiveness in reducing drink driving, and reports on the results of a longitudinal experimental research study carried out in the UK. Details: London: Department for Transport, 2008. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2011 at: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme3/investigation.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme3/investigation.pdf Shelf Number: 121400 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock DevicesDriving Under the Influence (U.K.)Driving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Sykes, Wendy Title: A Qualitative Study of Drinking and Driving: Report of Findings Summary: The Department for Transport commissioned qualitative research to provide in-depth understanding of the experiences, behaviour and attitudes of people who mix drinking and driving. The findings were to inform Department for Transport policy on drinking and driving, drink-drive campaigns, and quantitative surveys of drink driving. Fifty respondents were interviewed in-depth in June 2009, in six areas of England, which varied in terms of region and urban/rural location. Respondents included 20 drivers stopped over the limit within the previous three months, as well as 30 people who had driven after drinking at least once in the preceding six weeks – 18 who thought they were probably over the limit and 12 who thought they were probably under. The sample was skewed in favour of men and younger drivers under 30, but women and older drivers were well represented. Details: London: Department for Transport, 2010. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Road Safety Research Report No. 114: Accessed July 8, 2011 at: http://www2.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme3/report14review.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www2.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme3/report14review.pdf Shelf Number: 122008 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDriving Under the Influence (U.K.)Drunk Driving |
Author: Minnesota. Department of Corrections Title: Chemical Dependency Program Evaluation Summary: Substance use figures prominently not only in criminal offending but has also been implicated in the rise of the prison population since the 1980s. From 2002-2007, drug and felony driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders accounted for 53 percent of the prison population growth within Minnesota. As the volume of drug and DWI offenders entering prison has increased, so, too, has the number of inmates diagnosed as chemically dependent and/or abusive who are in need of chemical dependency (CD) treatment. Using a retrospective quasi-experimental design, this report evaluates the efficacy of CD treatment in Minnesota Department of Corrections (MNDOC) facilities by comparing recidivism rates between offenders who participated in treatment (treatment group) with those who did not (comparison group). Both the treatment and comparison groups contained offenders who were admitted to prison after 2001, directed to CD treatment, and released during 2005. The comparison group consists of 1,096 offenders who were closely matched to the 1,164 offenders in the treatment group on the characteristics used in the statistical analyses. Of the 1,164 offenders in the treatment group, most (N = 671) participated in short-term (i.e., 90 days) treatment programs. Because short-term programs were discontinued by the MNDOC in 2006, this study also assesses the efficacy of medium- and long-term CD programming by comparing reoffense rates between the 493 medium- and long-term treatment participants with a carefully matched comparison group of 493 non-participants. Recidivism — the outcome measure in this study — was quantified as both a felony reconviction and as a reincarceration for a new offense. Results • Of the 1,164 offenders who participated in CD treatment (i.e., the treatment group), 72 percent completed treatment or successfully participated until release. o Results showed that the odds of completing treatment were significantly lower for offenders with discipline convictions, but were significantly higher for female offenders, offenders with longer lengths of stay, and offenders who participated in short-term treatment programs. • At the end of the follow-up period, offenders who participated in CD treatment had significantly lower rates of felony reconviction (15%) and reincarceration (8%) than the comparison group, whose rates were 19 percent for reconvictions and 12 percent for reincarcerations for a new offense. o Regarding treatment outcome, the lowest recidivism rates were found for offenders who successfully participated until release, followed by those who completed treatment. Offenders who quit treatment had the highest recidivism rates. o Regarding program duration, offenders who participated in medium-term programs had the lowest recidivism rates, whereas the highest rates were found for those who entered short-term programs. • Results from the multivariate statistical analyses showed that participation in CD treatment significantly decreased the risk of time to reoffense, reducing it by 23 percent for reconvictions and 31 percent for reincarcerations. • A successful treatment outcome significantly reduced the risk of time to reoffense, decreasing it by 26 percent for reconvictions and 36 percent for reincarcerations. • Similar results were found for the analyses that examined the impact of medium- and long-term CD treatment on recidivism. o Participation in a medium- or long-term CD treatment program reduced the risk of time to reoffense by 30 percent for reconvictions and 42 percent for reincarcerations. o A successful outcome in a medium- or long-term treatment program decreased the risk of time to reoffense by 46 percent for reconvictions and 49 percent for reincarcerations. The results presented in this study suggest that the risk of recidivism is reduced significantly for offenders who participate in prison-based CD treatment, particularly among those with a successful treatment outcome. There are a few limitations with this study, however, that bear consideration. First, in focusing exclusively on recidivism, this evaluation did not include substance abstention as an outcome measure and, thus, may not have fully captured the full effects of CD programming. Second, given the importance of providing a continuum of care from the institution to the community, aftercare programming is considered to be an essential component of effective CD treatment. But due to the absence of post-release treatment data, it is unclear as to whether variations in the extent to which offenders participated in aftercare may have affected the findings presented here. By collecting data on substance use and aftercare programming in the community, research currently being conducted by the MNDOC may eventually shed light on these issues. Details: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Corrections, 2008. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 12, 2011 at: http://www.doc.state.mn.us/publications/documents/03-08CDRecidivismEvaluation.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.doc.state.mn.us/publications/documents/03-08CDRecidivismEvaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 114920 Keywords: -Driving While IntoxicatedCorrectional ProgramsDriving Under the InfluenceDrug Offenders (Minnesota)Drug Treatment, PrisonersDrunk DrivingRecidivism |
Author: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Title: Preventing Over-consumption of Alcohol – Sales to the Intoxicated and “Happy Hour” (Drink Special) Laws Summary: The cost of alcohol-related harm to society is enormous, both in human and economic terms: • At least 85,000 Americans die each year from alcohol-related causes, making alcohol-related problems the third-leading cause of death in the United States (Mokdad, et al., 2004). • Drinking and driving is a significant cause of injuries and fatalities in the United States. Alcohol was involved in 40 percent of traffic crash fatalities and in 7 percent of all crashes in 2003, resulting in 17,013 fatalities and injuring an estimated 275,000 people (NHTSA, 2004). • Almost one in four victims of violent crime report that the perpetrator had been drinking prior to committing the violence. Alcohol was involved in 32 to 50 percent of homicides (Spunt, et al., 1995; Goldstein, et al., 1992; Greenfeld, 1998). • Thirty-nine percent of accidental deaths (including drowning, poisonings, falls, and fires) and 29 percent of suicides in the United States are linked to the consumption of alcohol (Smith, et al., 1999). • The total monetary cost of alcohol-attributable consequences (including health care costs, productivity losses, and alcohol-related crime costs) in 1998 was estimated to be $185 billion (USDHHS, 2000). The problems listed above are often associated with the over-consumption of alcohol in episodes of heavy drinking. Studies that show that up to 50 percent of people driving under the influence had their last drinks at licensed establishments are a strong indication the enforcement and prosecution of laws governing the consumption and distribution of alcohol should have a significant impact on the reduction of injuries and fatalities resulting from the consumption of alcohol (O’Donnell, 1985; Anglin, 1997; Gallup, 2000). This report examines the following problem: There are existing laws regulating the service of alcohol that are designed to prevent the over-consumption of alcohol by either: (1) Prohibiting the sale and service of alcohol to intoxicated people, or (2) prohibiting sales practices (including happy hours, drink specials, and other drink promotions) that effectively reduce the price of drinks and encourage excessive consumption of alcohol. Yet the research conducted in preparation for this report indicates that enforcement of these laws is often given a low priority relative to the magnitude of the problems resulting from over-consumption of alcohol. At least three factors contribute to the lack of adequate enforcement: • alcohol enforcement agencies face diminishing budgets and resources; • there is an absence of public and government support for the enforcement of such laws; and • in the case of laws governing sales to intoxicated people, the statutes are difficult to enforce and adjudicate. This report begins with a review of previous research documenting the association between overconsumption and serving practices. This research suggests that interventions and enforcement of laws regulating serving practices can increase compliance and reduce alcohol-related problems. The report then presents findings from original research conducted pursuant to a contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.1 The findings include: • an analysis of State laws addressing service to intoxicated people and restrictions on happy hours and related serving practices; • a review of the current status of enforcement and adjudication of these laws; and • a presentation of promising enforcement strategies being implemented by State and local enforcement agencies. The report concludes with a summary of the problem and proposed intervention strategies designed to improve compliance rates with laws restricting sales to intoxicated people and happy hour and other reduced-price promotions. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Safety Administration, 2005. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 809 878: Accessed August 24, 2011 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/alcohol/pireweb/images/2240pierfinal.pdf Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/alcohol/pireweb/images/2240pierfinal.pdf Shelf Number: 122483 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse (U.S.)Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Title: Vital Signs: Alcohol-Impaired Driving Among Adults --- United States, 2010 Summary: Background: Alcohol-impaired driving crashes account for nearly 11,000 crash fatalities, or about one third of all crash fatalities in the United States. Methods: CDC analyzed data from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey to obtain the prevalence, episodes, and rates of alcohol-impaired driving (defined as driving "when you've had perhaps too much to drink" in the past 30 days) among U.S. adults aged ≥18 years who responded to the survey by landline telephone. Results: In 2010, an estimated 4 million U.S. adult respondents reported at least one episode of alcohol-impaired driving, for an estimated total of approximately 112 million alcohol-impaired driving episodes or 479 episodes per 1,000 adult population. From a peak in 2006, such episodes decreased 30% through 2010. Men accounted for 81% of all episodes with young men aged 21--34 years accounting for 32% of all episodes. Additionally, 85% of alcohol-impaired driving episodes were reported by persons who also reported binge drinking, and the 4.5% of the adult population who reported binge drinking at least four times per month accounted for 55% of all alcohol-impaired driving episodes. Episode rates were nearly four times higher among persons who reported not always wearing seatbelts compared with persons who reported always wearing seatbelts. Conclusions: Rates of self-reported alcohol-impaired driving have declined substantially in recent years. However, rates remain disproportionally high among young men, binge drinkers, and those who do not always wear a seat belt. Implications for Public Health: States and communities should continue current evidence-based strategies, such as sobriety checkpoints and enforcement of 0.08 g/dL blood alcohol concentration laws to deter the public from driving while impaired. Additionally, all states should consider requiring ignition interlocks on the vehicles of all persons convicted of alcohol-impaired driving. States without primary seatbelt laws should consider enacting them to reduce fatalities in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. Details: Washington, DC: CDC, 2011. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Oct. 4, 2011: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6039a4.htm?s_cid=mm6039a4_w Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6039a4.htm?s_cid=mm6039a4_w Shelf Number: 123156 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDriving Under the Influence (U.S.)Drunk Driving |
Author: Wolfson, Mark Title: National Evaluation of the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws Randomized Community Trial Summary: This is the final report of the National Evaluation of the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws Program Randomized Community Trial, covering the entire project period (2003-2009). The report describes the goals and objectives of the study, outlines the design and methods used in the evaluation, and summarizes the results. In addition, it provides a discussion of challenges and accomplishments of the study, as well as recommendations for future research and practice. The report is divided into eight major sections. Section 1: Executive Summary Section 2: Overview and Methods Section 3: Grant Requirements Section 4: Impact Evaluation Results Section 5: Process Evaluation Results Section 6: Sustainability Section 7: Late Breaking Crash Analyses Section 8: Conclusions and Recommendations Section 9: Appendices Details: Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, 2011. 196p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 15, 2011 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/236176.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/236176.pdf Shelf Number: 123320 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcoholismDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingUnderage Drinking (U.S.) |
Author: Cook, Philip J. Title: The Virtuous Tax: Lifesaving and Crime-Prevention Effects of the 1991 Federal Alcohol-Tax Increase Summary: On January 1, 1991, the federal excise tax on beer doubled, and the tax rates on wine and liquor increased as well. These changes are larger than the typical state-level changes that have been used to study the effect of price on alcohol abuse and its consequences. In this paper, we develop a method to estimate some important effects of those large 1991 changes, exploiting the interstate differences in alcohol consumption. We demonstrate that the relative importance of drinking in traffic fatalities is closely tied to per capita alcohol consumption across states. As a result, we expect that the proportional effects of the federal tax increase on traffic fatalities would be positively correlated with per capita consumption. We demonstrate that this is indeed the case, and infer estimates of the price elasticity and lives saved in each state. We repeat this exercise for other injury-fatality rates, and for nine categories of crime. For each outcome, the estimated effect of the tax increase is negatively related to average consumption, and that relationship is highly significant for the overall injury death rate, the violent crime rate, and the property crime rate. A conservative estimate is that the federal tax reduced injury deaths by 4.7%, or almost 7,000, in 1991. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper No. 17709: Accessed January 12, 2012 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17709 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17709 Shelf Number: 123564 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderDrunk DrivingFederal TaxationTraffic Fatalities |
Author: Voas, Robert B. Title: Alcohol and Highway Safety: Special Report on Race/Ethnicity and Impaired Driving Summary: This report reviews the state of knowledge of alcohol-impaired driving among major racial and ethnic groups living in the United States. Although it primarily focuses on the relationship between impaired driving and race/ethnicity, this review also covers patterns of alcohol use and misuse among various racial and ethnic groups within the United States. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2010. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 811 336: Accessed January 18, 2012 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811336.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811336.pdf Shelf Number: 123654 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingRace/Ethnicity |
Author: Haire, E.R. Title: Use of Warrants to Reduce Breath Test Refusals: Experiences From North Carolina Summary: Many States experience high rates of breath test refusals among DWI suspects. The objective of this study was to examine one possible strategy to decrease refusals rates—the use of a search warrant to obtain blood samples from a driver who refuses to provide a breath sample. Three counties in North Carolina established the use of warrants in cases of breath test refusals and were research sites. This report presents case study information on their experiences with the implementation and use of warrants. The program evaluation examined whether the use of warrants reduced refusal rates in the participating counties. However, many of the counties were unable to implement a program during the timeframe of the study, and others did not achieve much program strength. This report includes data from the evaluation effort. However, given the various methodological issues that occurred during this study, it is not possible to determine whether observed decreases in refusal rates were a result of the warrants program. In general, police officers in these participating counties report that the 15 to 60 minutes of added processing time needed to obtain a warrant and draw blood was time well spent, and that the chemical evidence obtained from blood was of great value. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Behavioral Safety Research, 2011. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 811 461: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811461.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811461.pdf Shelf Number: 123666 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Impaired Driving (U.S.)Breat TestDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingSearch Warrant |
Author: Crowe, Ann H. Title: Underage Drinking: Intervention Principles and Practice Guidelines for Community Correction Summary: For more than two decades, the people of the United States have benefited from a uniform minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21. This has been one of the most successful public health regulations ever implemented (Voas, 2006). Many thousands of lives have been saved and tragedies averted. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the MLDA law has saved almost 24,000 lives in traffic crashes alone since 1975, when states began raising the drinking age. This figure does not include the many thousands of other types of injury and death that can result from alcohol use and that have been prevented since the law was changed (Jones, Pieper, & Robertson, 1992). These laws are highly effective, but they do require continued commitment and effort for enforcement. Underage drinking is both a public safety and a public health challenge in the United States. More notably, however, as is brought forth in the Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007), underage drinking is an issue that our society continues to grapple with and work to overcome for the betterment of our nation’s youth. Many of the strategies to reduce underage drinking have focused on decreasing the availability of alcohol to underage drinkers, reducing opportunities and occasions for underage drinking, and diminishing the demand for alcohol among youth. These strategies have proved to be successful, but young people do continue to engage in illegal alcohol consumption and to be exposed to the many risks it entails. A thoughtful and comprehensive approach to dealing with underage drinkers is clearly needed. Only in recent years has our society begun to truly grapple with this issue, particularly at the federal level. One of the most prominent agencies within the federal government that has taken action to address underage drinking is the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Since its inception in 1974, OJJDP has supported local and state efforts to prevent delinquency and improve the juvenile justice system. In 1998, Congress gave OJJDP the authority to administer the Enforcement of Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL) program. The EUDL program supports and enhances efforts by states and local jurisdictions to reduce the availability of alcohol to minors and to prevent underage drinking by minors. Close partnerships between law enforcement agencies and communitybased groups involved in preventing and intervening in underage drinking are strongly encouraged by the program. As the only federal program devoted exclusively to preventing alcohol consumption by minors, OJJDP offers states and local jurisdictions funding, comprehensive training, and technical assistance to guide them in their efforts (see OJJDP, 2009). The community corrections field, specifically probation and diversion, performs an important role in the EUDL program in both prevention and intervention when dealing with underage drinking offenders.1 Community corrections professionals can work closely with judges, attorneys, and other justice professionals to handle each underage drinking case in the most effective and appropriate fashion. Community corrections professionals can also work with community-based groups in efforts to prevent underage drinking through community-wide initiatives that reach both parents and youth. Appendix A provides some examples of local and state EUDL coalitions in which community corrections agencies have partnered. Details: Lexington, KY: American Probation and Parole Association, 2011. 111p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 6, 2012 at: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/appa/pubs/UDIPPGCC.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/appa/pubs/UDIPPGCC.pdf Shelf Number: 123996 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseCommunity CorrectionsDrunk and DisorderlyDrunk DrivingUnderage Drinking |
Author: Minnesota. Department of Corrections Title: Minnesota Felony Driving While Impaired Report Summary: In June 2001, the Minnesota Legislature amended the state’s DWI laws by creating a felony-level offense. The felony offense applies to individuals who violate the state’s DWI laws and have prior convictions for three or more DWIs within the last ten years, a previous conviction for a felony DWI, or a previous conviction for criminal vehicular homicide or injury. The law stipulates a mandatory sentence that can be no less than three years but no greater than seven years, and the court may stay execution but not imposition of the sentence. Minnesota sentencing guidelines presume an executed sentence of imprisonment for offenders convicted of a felony DWI who have a criminal history score greater than two or those who have a previous felony DWI conviction regardless of criminal history score. Offenders who receive an executed sentence also are placed on conditional release for an additional five years after their release from prison. Failure to comply with conditions of release may result in revocation and return to prison. Sentencing guidelines presume a stayed sentence for offenders who have a criminal history score of two or less. The court must apply the mandatory penalties for nonfelony DWI offenses for those who receive a stayed sentence, which may include a jail term, intensive supervised release, long-term alcohol monitoring, and any chemical dependency treatment recommended. The court may order the stayed sentence to be executed if any conditions are violated; if so, the offender is committed to the commissioner of corrections and incarcerated in prison. This is the second report submitted on felony DWI offenders committed to the commissioner of corrections. In 2009, the legislature amended the statute requiring the commissioner submit a report on the effects of the felony DWI offense (M.S. §244.085) by narrowing the scope of the report. Specifically, the scope of the report was reduced from all persons convicted of a felony DWI to those convicted of a felony DWI and sentenced to prison, which includes offenders given an executed sentence (new court commitments) as well as those whose stayed sentence was executed following a probation violation (probation violators). Details: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Corrections, 2010. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at: http://www.doc.state.mn.us/publications/legislativereports/documents/12-10FelonyDWI.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.doc.state.mn.us/publications/legislativereports/documents/12-10FelonyDWI.pdf Shelf Number: 124034 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingSentencing (Minnesota) |
Author: U.S. Department of Transporation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Title: Low-Staffing Sobriety Checkpoints Summary: Impaired driving crashes result in tens of thousands of injuries and thousands of lives lost every year. Stopping and arresting a drug- and/or alcohol-impaired driver may seem to be a simple process. In fact, it is a series of procedures that are dictated by complex State and local laws. Before addressing the issue of impaired driving enforcement, it is important for law enforcement to consider all components involved in successfully deterring the impaired driver. High visibility enforcement efforts accompanied by aggressive media coverage of enforcement efforts, public awareness, and education are essential to a comprehensive impaired driving campaign. These tools have proven effective in reducing impaired driving, and were documented in the Checkpoint Tennessee Evaluation Project. This document will provide guidance to law enforcement agencies on how to adequately coordinate the planning, operation, data collection, and actions of conducting low-staffing sobriety checkpoints. Details: Washington, DC: U.D. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2006. 24p. Source: DOT HS 810 590: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/enforce/LowStaffing_Checkpoints/images/LowStaffing.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/enforce/LowStaffing_Checkpoints/images/LowStaffing.pdf Shelf Number: 124353 Keywords: Alcohol Impaired DrivingCrime Reduction, HandbooksDriving Under the Influence of DrugsDrug-Impaired DrivingDrugs and DrivingDrunk DrivingPolicing Procedures (U.S.)Sobriety Checkpoints (U.S.) |
Author: Lindsay, V.L. Title: Characteristics of Alcohol Impaired Road Users Involved in Casualty Crashes Summary: This report links data from multiple sources to present a more comprehensive profile of the person, crash and licensing characteristics of a group of road users involved in a casualty crash as a result of alcohol impairment. Participants were drawn from data collected for those active road users who were admitted to the Royal Adelaide Hospital as a result of crash involvement over the three year period between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2010. An objective alcohol reading was known for 1204 of the 1490 cases in the study. Acute alcohol intoxication was found to be a contributing factor to crash causation in 274 of these 1204 cases, constituting 22.76% of this group. Impairment as the result of alcohol was found across all road user types but was particularly noted amongst pedestrians (55.8% of pedestrians that were tested) and drivers (24.3% of drivers that were tested). An established diagnosis of alcohol dependence at the time of crash involvement was identified for 146 of the 1490 participants in this study, constituting 9.8% of all participants. Indigenous Australians were identified as a vulnerable group found to be at an increased risk of being involved in a crash as the result of alcohol impairment. More than 40 per cent of those participants identified as being alcohol impaired in this study were found to have incurred at least one previous infringement that involved driving with an alcohol level above 0.05gm/100ml and were twice as likely to have had at least one period of licence disqualification when compared with those road users who were not found to be impaired. Details: Adelaide: Centre for Automotive Safety Research, The University of Adelaide, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2012 at: http://casr.adelaide.edu.au/casrpubfile/1200/CASR105.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://casr.adelaide.edu.au/casrpubfile/1200/CASR105.pdf Shelf Number: 125237 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDriving Under the Influence(Australia)Drunk DrivingLicense SuspensionRecidivism |
Author: McCartt, Anne T. Title: Washington State’s Alcohol Ignition Interlock Law: Effects on Recidivism Among First-time DUI Offenders Summary: Objective: More than half of U.S. states require some DUI offenders to install ignition interlocks on their vehicles for a certain period of time if they want to drive. Increasingly states are strengthening these laws to apply to all offenders, including first-time offenders. The current study evaluated two changes in Washington state’s interlock law: moving the issuance of interlock orders from the courts to the Department of Licensing in July 2003, and extending the interlock requirement to cover all convicted offenders, including first-time offenders with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) lower than 0.15 percent (―first simple DUI offenders‖), in June 2004. The primary focus was whether or not these law changes affected rates of recidivism among first-time DUI offenders. Method: Trends in the types of convictions resulting from a DUI arrest, rates of interlock orders and installations, and rates of recidivism were examined, using data extracted from driver license records. The main focus was first-time convictions (simple, high-BAC, and test refusal DUI; deferred prosecution; or alcohol-related negligent driving) stemming from arrests on DUI charges occurring during January 1999-June 2006. Regression analyses examined the effects on rates of recidivism of the law changes and of interlock installation rates. Possible general deterrent effects of the law changes on alcoholimpaired driving were examined by comparing trends in single-vehicle nighttime (9 p.m.-6 a.m.) policereported crashes and fatal crashes in Washington with trends in California and Oregon. Results: Throughout the study period, about three-quarters of DUI offenses were first offenses. Simple DUI convictions and alcohol-related negligent driving convictions each accounted for about 30-40 percent of first DUI-related offenses. After interlocks were required for simple DUIs in 2004, the proportion of simple DUI convictions trended somewhat downward, while the proportion of alcohol-related negligent driving convictions continued a slow, long-term upward trend. The interlock installation rate among first simple DUI offenders increased dramatically as a result of the 2004 law change, going from less than 5 percent before the law change to about one-third after; increases in installation rates were observed among other first DUI offenders as well. Extending the interlock requirement to first simple DUI convictions was estimated to have lowered the cumulative rate of recidivism during the 2 years following arrest by about 12 percent among people with such convictions (e.g., from an expected 10.6 percent without the law change to 9.3 percent among offenders arrested in the second quarter of 2006, the last part of the study period) and by about 11 percent (from an expected 10.2 to 9.1 percent) among all first-time DUI offenders. There was an estimated 0.06 percentage point decrease in the 2-year cumulative recidivism rate for each percentage point increase in the proportion of first simple DUI offenders who installed interlocks. If the interlock installation rate had been 100 percent rather than 34 percent for first simple DUI offenders arrested in the second quarter of 2006, and if the linear relationship between the recidivism rate and the rate of interlock installations continued, the 2-year cumulative recidivism rate could have been reduced from 9.3 to 5.3 percent. Similarly, if the interlock installation rate had been 100 percent rather than 24 percent for all first DUI offenders arrested in the second quarter of 2006, their 2-year cumulative recidivism rate could have been reduced from 9.1 to 3.2 percent. Although interlock installation rates increased somewhat after moving responsibility for issuing interlock orders to the Department of Licensing in 2003, that action did not significantly affect recidivism rates, perhaps due to the short follow-up period before the second law change. The 2004 law change was associated with a 4.8 percent reduction in the risk of single-vehicle nighttime crashes in Washington, but the change was not significant given the variability in the data. A smaller and likewise non-significant reduction in the risk of single-vehicle nighttime fatal crashes was estimated. Conclusions: Extending an interlock requirement to all first-time DUI convictions reduces recidivism among the cohort of affected offenders, even with relatively low interlock use rates, and additional gains are likely to be achievable with higher use rates. Jurisdictions should seek ways to increase installation rates among offenders required to install interlocks and should re-consider policies that allow reducing DUI charges to other traffic offenses that do not have an interlock requirement. Details: Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 20, 2012 at: http://www.iihs.org/research/topics/pdf/r1168.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.iihs.org/research/topics/pdf/r1168.pdf Shelf Number: 125696 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesDriving Under the Influence (U.S.)Drunk DrivingRecidivism |
Author: American Probation and Parole Association Title: Hardcore Drunk Driving Community Supervision Guide: A Resource Outlining Probation & Parole Challenges, Effective Strategies and Model Programs Summary: The American Probation and Parole Association and the Century Council convened a group of community supervision and corrections experts to develop the “Hardcore Drunk Driving Community Supervision Guide: A Resource for Outlining Supervision Challenges, Effective Strategies, and Model Programs.” This guide combines the latest in evidenced-based supervision practices with treatment strategies known to work with alcohol involved and DUI/DWI offenders. The advisory group assembled to develop this guide began by identifying what would educate and benefit the community corrections field. To that end, the group identified supervision challenges, and where applicable possible solutions to those challenges, promising practices working in their jurisdictions, and an array of resources for community corrections practitioners and administrators to turn to for additional information and guidance. What is meant by saying that someone is supervised in the community? It means that probation and/or parole officers using a combined approach involving surveillance, treatment, and accountability, enforce the court ordered rules and sentencing meted out to the offenders. Details: Lexington, KY: American Probation and Parole Association; Arlington, VA: Century Council, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 30, 2012 at: http://www.centurycouncil.org/sites/default/files/materials/HCDD-Community-Supervision-Guide.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.centurycouncil.org/sites/default/files/materials/HCDD-Community-Supervision-Guide.pdf Shelf Number: 125799 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationCommunity CorrectionsCommunity-based CorrectionsDriving Under the Influence (U.S.)Drunk DrivingParoleProbation |
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Title: Teen Drinking and Driving: A Dangerous Mix Summary: The percentage of teens in high school who drink and drive has decreased by more than half since 1991, but more can be done. Nearly one million high school teens drank alcohol and got behind the wheel in 2011. Teen drivers are 3 times more likely than more experienced drivers to be in a fatal crash. Drinking any alcohol greatly increases this risk for teens. Research has shown that factors that help to keep teens safe include parental involvement, minimum legal drinking age and zero tolerance laws, and graduated driver licensing systems. These proven steps can protect the lives of more young drivers and everyone who shares the road with them. Details: Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. 4p. Source: CDC Vitalsigns: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2012 at http://www.cdc.gov/VitalSigns/pdf/2012-10-vitalsigns.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.cdc.gov/VitalSigns/pdf/2012-10-vitalsigns.pdf Shelf Number: 126581 Keywords: AdolescentsAlcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Schulze, Holst Title: Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines in Europe — findings from the DRUID project Summary: Roadside surveys conducted in 13 countries across Europe, in which blood or oral fluid samples from 50,000 drivers were analysed, revealed that alcohol was present in 3.48 %, illicit drugs in 1.90 %, medicines in 1.36 %, combinations of drugs or medicines in 0.39 % and alcohol combined with drugs or medicines in 0.37 %. However, there were large differences among the mean values in the regions of northern, eastern, southern and western Europe. Although the absolute numbers were quite low, the prevalence of alcohol, cocaine, cannabis and combined substance use was higher in southern Europe, and to some extent in western Europe, than in the other two regions, whereas medicinal opioids and ‘z-drugs’, such as zopiclone and zolpidem, were detected more in northern Europe. Studies of hospitalised, seriously injured car drivers were conducted in six countries, and studies of car drivers killed in accidents took place in four countries. Among the injured or killed drivers, the most commonly consumed substance was alcohol alone, followed by alcohol combined with another substance. The use of illicit drugs alone was not frequently detected. After alcohol, the most frequently found substance among injured drivers was tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) followed by benzodiazepines, whereas, among drivers killed in accidents, it was benzodiazepines. The results of the roadside surveys and the hospital surveys were combined in a case–control study to calculate the relative risk of being seriously injured or killed in a traffic accident. The project assigned the investigated substances to one of four groups, according to whether the increased risk was considered to be slight, medium, considerable or high. The findings showed that alcohol is still one of the most dangerous psychoactive substances used by drivers. The biggest risk for a driver of being seriously injured or dying in a traffic accident arises from high blood alcohol levels or from combinations of alcohol, drugs or medicines. Most of the seriously injured or killed drivers who tested positive for alcohol were severely intoxicated. However, results of interviews in two countries showed that problem drinkers do not believe that alcohol impairs their driving. Intensive drug users were more likely than moderate drug users to drive under the influence, with the latter taking a more responsible approach to driving under the influence of drugs. Alcohol and drugs were detected more often in male drivers. Medicines were detected mainly in middle-aged and older female drivers, but, among drivers seriously injured or killed in accidents, medicines were more often found in male drivers in the same age ranges, often in combination with other substances. Experimental studies suggested that the illicit stimulants d-amphetamine, MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and cocaine have no negative influence on fitness to drive, but studies of drivers injured and killed in accidents found considerably higher median drug levels for stimulants, and such levels may have detrimental effects on self-perception, critical judgement and risk-taking. A night of sleep deprivation alone impairs performance to a similar degree to the 0.8 g/l blood alcohol concentration (BAC), i.e. higher than the common legal driving limit of 0.5 g/l, and MDMA in combination with alcohol (or sleep deprivation) causes dramatic impairment of driving performance; stimulants do not compensate for alcohol use or sleep deprivation. A few medicines can cause impairment of which the patient is unaware. A number of recommendations were made to update the wording of the 1991 European Council Directive on Driving Licences, referring to licence withdrawal due to consumption of drugs and psychoactive substances. Very few public information campaigns regarding drug-driving were evaluated for their impact — and some of them evaluated only awareness of the campaign, rather than if it changed driver behaviour. Psychoactive medicines on the EU market were classified into four categories depending on their influence on fitness to drive, and it was demonstrated that a pictogram on the package indicating the risk when driving was effective in changing patients’ intended behaviour. In collaboration with experts of the Pharmacovigilance Working Party of the European Medicines Agency, recommendations could be presented for improving the package information leaflet for category II (moderately impairing) and category III (severely impairing) medicines. It was also shown that a software package could assist physicians and pharmacists in giving advice to patients when prescribing and dispensing such medicines, respectively. Legal limits, consistently enforced, are the single most effective approach to combat drink-driving. The maximum standard legal limit should be 0.5 g/l BAC, and stricter limits for certain risk groups (novice drivers, professional drivers) should be considered. As mixed intoxication with other substances poses a greater risk, the alcohol limit must be lower in such cases. To combat drug-driving, most countries either operate a zero tolerance policy or take into account degree of impairment, sometimes in a two-tier system. Legal limits may be set low, at the limit of detection, or higher to take effects into consideration. For example, while the project set a detection limit of 1 ng/ml in whole blood for THC in the roadside surveys, it was found that 2 ng/ml THC in whole blood (3.8 ng/ml THC in serum) seems to cause impairment equivalent to 0.5 g/l BAC. Such equivalents could not be calculated for other drugs. It is not realistic to develop cut-off limits for all substances. Regarding driving under the influence of medicines, a legal limit for patients undergoing long-term treatment is inappropriate; sanctions should be based on degree of impairment. None of the roadside oral fluid testing devices achieved the target value of 80 % sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for all the individual substances tested. Thus, when considering the suitability of a device, the type and prevalence of drugs within the target population should be considered. An evaluation of a checklist of clinical signs of impairment, such as bloodshot eyes, did not give promising results; more experience and better training of police officers may improve this. In the near future, analysis of dried blood spots could be a much quicker and less invasive method of proving an offence than taking a sample of whole blood from a driver using a syringe. Transport and storage of dried blood spots are also much easier than for whole blood. A cost–benefit evaluation found that increased enforcement of drug-driving sanctions, based on roadside oral fluid screening, is potentially cost-beneficial, particularly for countries where the level of enforcement is currently low. However, increasing drug-driving enforcement at the expense of a reduction in drink-driving enforcement may actually decrease the positive impact on road safety. As the risk and share of injuries is higher for alcohol, targeting driving under the influence of alcohol should always be the first priority of law enforcers. Withdrawal of the driving licence is an effective deterrent and sanction, more so than prison or fines, but only when it is implemented quickly and for a period of 3–12 months (longer leads to non-compliance). Combining licence withdrawal with rehabilitation/treatment is more effective than licence withdrawal alone. Withdrawal of the licence of patients undergoing long-term treatment, including substitution treatment, should be based on an individual assessment of a patient’s fitness to drive overall, not simply on substance consumption. Some driver rehabilitation schemes can reduce recidivism by an average of 45 %. Drivers with addiction or similar problems are unlikely to benefit from a rehabilitation programme and should be matched to more appropriate treatment. Rehabilitation options should vary according to the needs of different offenders. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. 57 pp. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_192773_EN_TDXA12006ENN.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_192773_EN_TDXA12006ENN.pdf Shelf Number: 127336 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (Europe)Drugged DrivingDrugs and DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Perreault, Samuel Title: Impaired Driving in Canada, 2011 Summary: Impaired driving has been a recognized criminal act in Canada since 1921. Despite a sizeable drop in the impaired driving rate since the mid-1980s, impaired driving is the leading cause of criminal death in Canada. Impaired driving continues to be an important issue for governments throughout Canada, as well as for police services, the justice system, community organizations and the general public. In Canada, the Criminal Code prohibits driving while one’s ability to operate a vehicle is impaired by alcohol or drugs. It is also an offence to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in excess of 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood. In recent decades, the federal government has implemented numerous measures to combat impaired driving. For example, a number of amendments have been made to the Criminal Code to increase the minimum and maximum penalties for impaired driving, with the most recent amendment introduced in July 2008. In addition to the measures taken by the federal government, the provinces and territories have instituted administrative penalties or controls that allow immediate action to be taken against suspected impaired drivers. All jurisdictions except Quebec have also implemented temporary preventive suspensions for drivers with a BAC that is considered elevated, but still below the criminal limit of .08 set out in the Criminal Code. As well, all provinces have adopted zero BAC limits for novice drivers as part of graduated driver-licensing schemes (Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights 2009), while half have adopted similar limits for all young drivers, whether or not they are novice. These provincial and territorial administrative sanctions enable police to remove drivers who have been drinking from the road, yet avoid the longer time required for the police to process a Criminal Code impaired driving charge (Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights 2009). This Juristat article analyzes trends in police-reported impaired driving in Canada, as defined by the Criminal Code, the penalties imposed by the courts, as well as characteristics of those admitted to correctional services for an impaired driving conviction. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2013. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Juristat Article: Accessed January 31, 2013 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2013001/article/11739-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2013001/article/11739-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 127463 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (Canada)Drugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Wiliszowski, C. Title: An Evaluation of Intensive Supervision Programs for Serious DWI Offenders Summary: Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs) for offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) vary considerably around the United States. There are State “systems” that provide standard guidelines to counties and local communities in the State, and there are numerous local county and community programs that appear promising in reducing DWI recidivism. We prepared case studies for two State programs (Nebraska and Wisconsin), four individual area ISPs (“Staggered Sentencing for Multiple DWI Convicted Offenders” in Minnesota; “Serious Offender Program” in Nevada; “DWI Enforcement Program” in New York; and “DUII Intensive Supervision Program” (DISP) in Oregon) and two rural programs (“24/7 Sobriety Project” in South Dakota; and “DUI Supervised Probation Program” in Wyoming). These ISPs revealed certain common features: Screening and assessment of offenders for the extent of their alcohol/substance abuse problem Close monitoring and supervision of the offenders Encouragement by officials to complete the program requirements successfully Jail for noncompliance The authors evaluated three of the programs. The Minnesota Staggered Sentencing Program appeared to be successful in reducing offender recidivism, even given the small sample size of program offenders (n=200). Compared to a similar matched group of DWI offenders, the staggered sentencing offenders had a significant 30.6% lower recidivism rate (p=.017) up to 4 years post-offense. The program prevented an estimated 15 to 23 re-arrests for DWI due to its effectiveness. The Westchester County program appeared to be effective in the short term (18.1% lower recidivism in 5 years post-offense [p<.001]) but not in the long term (only 5.4% [p=.171] lower recidivism in 15 years post-offense). This program resulted in an estimated 78 fewer re-arrests for DWI in the first 5 years. The Oregon DISP intervention group had 54.1% lower recidivism up to 8 years post index offense than both of the stratified matched-sample comparison groups, adjusting for the demographic covariates (Wald=51.50; p>.001). The program prevented 67 re-arrests for DWI in the first 8 years. The benefit/cost of ISPs appears to be very good for the prevention of rearrests. Preventing re-arrest for DWI for multiple offenders saves thousands of dollars in sanctions (jail time) and rehabilitation. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Behavioral Safety Research, 2011. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2013 at: www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811446.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 127596 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingIntensive Supervision (U.S.)ProbationersRecidivism |
Author: Kierkus, Christopher A. Title: Michigan DWI-Sobriety Court Ignition Interlock Evaluation Summary: This report was commissioned by the Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals (MADCP), and was produced pursuant to Michigan Public Act 154 of 2010, in cooperation with the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Its purpose is to provide the legislature, the Secretary of State, and the Michigan Supreme Court documentation related to the program participant’s compliance with court ordered conditions. This 2012 report provides the reader with a description of the data, implementation issues, innovative practices, obstacles, lessons learned, and results from the first year of the DWI/sobriety court interlock pilot project that began in 2011. This document is the first of three annual reports. Subsequent reports (2013 and 2014) will provide additional qualitative and statistical analyses related to the implementation and outcomes of PA 154. This study was guided by the following research questions set forth in the PA154 legislation: a) The percentage of program participants ordered to place interlock devices on their vehicles who actually comply with the order; b) The percentage of program participants who remove court-ordered interlocks from their vehicle without court approval; c) The percentage of program participants who consume alcohol or controlled substances; d) The percentages of program participants found to have tampered with court-ordered interlocks; e) The percentage of program participants who operated a motor vehicle not equipped with an interlock; f) Relevant treatment information about program, participants; and, g) The percentage of program participants convicted of a new offense under section 625(1) or (3) of the Michigan vehicle code, 1949 PA 300, MCL, 257.625. The target population for this study included offenders (N=84) that met the eligibility requirements for entry into a DWI/sobriety court program, based on PA 154 criteria. Participating courts submitted offender data into the Michigan Judicial Data Warehouse/ Drug Court Case Management Information System (DCCMIS). The SCAO staff then provided the researchers with an identity stripped dataset that included information related to the each offender’s demographics, criminal history, history of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, mental health issues, progress through DWI/sobriety court, compliance with interlock restriction, and information on re-offending. In addition to the official data from the SCAO, site visits were conducted with each participating court where Stakeholders (court administrators, judges, probation officers, etc.) involved the DWI/sobriety Court and ignition interlock program were given the opportunity to informally share their impressions of the initial implementation and administration of the pilot program. This report is directed toward legislators, court administrators, and other criminal justice practitioners who are interested in the use of ignition interlock devices as a means of controlling and reducing drunk driving recidivism in the state of Michigan. Section 1 of this report provides the reader with information regarding the nature and extent of drunk driving, traditional prevention practices, an overview of ignition interlock technologies, and criminological theories that support the use of interlocks in controlling drunk drivers. Following this review, Sections 2 and 3 provide the methods used, and the findings from the first year of the ignition interlock pilot program. Section 4 provides conclusions, and a summary of lessons learned during the first year of the project. Details: Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 16, 2013 at: http://www.dwicourts.org/sites/default/files/ncdc/INTERLOCK%20EVLAUTION%20REPORT%202012%20(Distribution%20Version).pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.dwicourts.org/sites/default/files/ncdc/INTERLOCK%20EVLAUTION%20REPORT%202012%20(Distribution%20Version).pdf Shelf Number: 127646 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices (Michigan)Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Carey, Shannon M. Title: San Joaquin DUI Monitoring Court Process and Outcome Evaluation. Final Report Summary: For the past 20 years in the United States, there has been a trend toward guiding nonviolent drug and alcohol offenders into treatment rather than incarceration. The original drug court model links the resources of the criminal system and substance treatment programs to increase treat-ment participation and decrease criminal recidivism. Drug treatment courts are one of the fastest growing programs designed to reduce drug abuse and criminality in nonviolent offenders in the nation. The first drug court was implemented in Miami, Florida, in 1989. As of December 2010, there were 2,633 drug courts including 1,881 adult and juvenile drug courts, 343 family courts, and 409 other types of drug courts in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (NDCI, 2011). In a typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional adversarial roles. These include addiction treatment providers, district attorneys, public defenders, law enforce-ment officers, and parole and probation officers who work together to provide needed services to drug court participants. Generally, there is a high level of supervision and a standardized treatment program for all the participants within a particular court (including phases that each participant must pass through by meeting certain goals). Supervision and treatment may also include regular and frequent drug testing. More recently, over the past 10 years, the drug court model has been expanded to include other populations (e.g., juveniles) and other systems (e.g., child welfare and mental health). The model has also been used with a special focus on specific types of offenders (e.g., DWI offenders). DWI courts specifically target repeat driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) offenders with the main goal of protecting public safety. Benefits to society take the form of reductions in crime and fu-ture DWIs, resulting in reduced costs to taxpayers and increased public safety. DWI courts, specifically, have been shown to be effective in reducing recidivism (both of DWIs and other crimes) and in reducing taxpayer costs due to positive outcomes for DWI court participants, in-cluding fewer re-arrests, less time in jail and less time in prison (Carey, Fuller, Kissick, Taylor, & Zold-Kilbourn, 2008). In 2008, San Joaquin County implemented a system change where all repeat DUI offenders in the largest judicial district (mainly the City of Stockton) are required to participate in a DUI Monitor-ing Court program. Because this program was designed to treat all repeat DUI offenders, and be-cause the drug court model is designed to treat high-risk/high-need offenders (in particular, drug- or alcohol-dependent individuals) the San Joaquin DUI Monitoring Court (SJDMC) does not fol-low all tenants of the drug court model for all participants. Many of the repeat DUI offenders in this program are not dependent on alcohol or other drugs and do not need the high level of supervision and treatment that would be appropriate for high-risk/high-need offenders. For this reason, there are two tracks to the San Joaquin DUI Monitoring Court. Track 1 is the “monitoring track” where participants are required to come to court infrequently to report on progress in completing the terms of their probation, including DMV requirements to qualify to get their license returned. Track 2 is for those participants who demonstrate that they are unable to comply with Track 1 re-quirements and are assessed as needing drug and alcohol treatment. Track 2 follows a drug court model more closely. The SJDMC program is described in detail in Chapter 1 of this report. For the evaluation of the SJDMC, the court was interested in learning about the effectiveness of this program in reducing DUI recidivism and protecting public safety and, if it proved to be effec-tive, wanted a detailed process evaluation that would allow other interested jurisdictions to follow the model in implementing a similar program. Chapter 1 of this report describes the process eval-uation methods and provides a detailed description of the program. Chapter 2 presents the meth-ods and results of the outcome evaluation. The process evaluation was also designed to provide the SJDMC program with suggestions for process improvement. Chapter 3 compares the SJDMC practices with the research-based drug court best practices and provides recommendations for en-hancing Track 2 of the program. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2013 at: http://www.centurycouncil.org/sites/default/files/reports/California-Evaluation-1.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.centurycouncil.org/sites/default/files/reports/California-Evaluation-1.pdf Shelf Number: 128398 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (U.S.)Drugged DrivingDrunk DrivingProblem Solving Courts |
Author: Robertson, Robyn D. Title: Impaired Driving Risk Assessment: A Primer for Policymakers. Summary: The primer is the result of a partnership between principals from the Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF), the Addiction Research Program of the Douglas Mental Health University (McGill) Institute, Université de Montréal and Université de Sherbrooke under funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) in Transdisciplinary Studies in Driving While Impaired Onset, Persistence, Prevention and Treatment. As part of the project, researchers ran focus groups with remedial impaired driver program practitioners and surveyed justice professionals from across Canada. The report provides an overview of risk assessment practices in Canada for impaired drivers and provides a snapshot of the practices used by driver licensing and criminal justice practitioners. It summarizes current risk assessment practices and describes the different ways that impaired drivers are assessed for risk in both systems. In addition, the primer highlights the strengths and limitations of practices in Canadian driver licensing and criminal justice systems and includes recommendations to inform and/or guide future efforts to develop or improve best practices related to risk assessment in both systems. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2013. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2013 at: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/publications_show.php?pub_id=291 Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/publications_show.php?pub_id=291 Shelf Number: 128694 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (Canada)Drunk DrivingRisk Assessment |
Author: Carns, Teresa White Title: Recidivism in Alaska’s Felony Therapeutic Courts Summary: The Alaska Judicial Council found that graduates of the Anchorage Felony Driving Under the Influence, Anchorage Felony Drug, and Bethel Therapeutic Courts were rearrested and re-convicted far less frequently than comparison offenders. The Council followed graduates for one year after they completed their program and tracked comparison offenders for one year after they were released from serving their sentence. Therapeutic court graduates were also re-arrested far less frequently than a baseline sample of Alaskan offenders charged with felonies in 1999, discussed in the Council’s January 2007 report, Criminal Recidivism in Alaska. Findings included: • The longer the participants stayed in the program, the less likely they were to recidivate even if they did not graduate. • 54% of the participants in these project graduated. • 13% of graduates were re-arrested within one year after completing a therapeutic court program compared to a 32% re-arrest rate for comparison offenders and a 38% re-arrest rate for offenders charged with felonies in 1999. • Participants who were discharged from the programs or who left voluntarily had about the same rate of recidivism as the offenders charged with felonies in 1999. • Older participants were less likely to be re-arrested than younger participants. • Participants in the Anchorage Felony DUI Court were less likely to be re-arrested than those in the Anchorage Felony Drug Court and the Bethel Therapeutic Court. • No participants in the programs who were re-convicted within the first year were convicted of an offense at a more serious level than the one on which they entered the therapeutic courts. None were convicted of a Drug or Sexual offense. In contrast, 3% of the comparison offenders were convicted of offenses at a more serious level. In the Council’s companion report on recidivism among 1999 offenders, about 15% of most types of offenders were convicted of offenses at a more serious level. • Native participants responded as well to the therapeutic court programs as did Caucasian participants. Blacks and other ethnicities did not do as well as Caucasian participants. • The Council recommended that the state should develop further information about the costs and benefits of therapeutic court programs; should explore the reasons for the relative success of Native participants in the programs; and should determine why ethnic groups other than Natives and Caucasians did not do as well in the programs. Details: Anchorage: Alaska Judicial Council, 2007. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2013 at: http://www.ajc.state.ak.us/reports/recidtherct07.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.ajc.state.ak.us/reports/recidtherct07.pdf Shelf Number: 129227 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderCourts (Alaska, U.S.)Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingFelony Therapeutic CourtsRecidivism |
Author: Robertson, Robyn D. Title: Alcohol Interlock Programs: Data Management System Implementation Summary: In December 2010, a two-day workshop was organized in Toronto to bring together program administrators and vendors to discuss the issues of vendor oversight and automated data management systems. Representatives from four interlock vendors (ACS, Draeger, Lifesafer, and Smart Start) were in attendance along with program administrators from Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Texas, and South Carolina. The focus of discussions included state and vendor experiences with data management and reporting, core steps to develop a data management system, and essential elements of a data management system. This report, along with a companion piece entitled Alcohol Interlock Programs: Vendor Oversight (released in 2011) was borne out of those discussions. This document provides an overview of some important issues to consider when transitioning from a paperbased system to an automated system. It is structured in four key sections: 1. Plan development; 2. System components; 3. Essential system requirements; 4. Vendor interactions. An automated data management system implementation checklist for agencies is also included in Appendix C. Details: Ottawa, ONT:Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 8, 2013 at: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/NHTSA_Tech_Assistance_DataManagement_9.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/NHTSA_Tech_Assistance_DataManagement_9.pdf Shelf Number: 129269 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock Devices (Canada, U.S.)Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Fell, James C. Title: Increasing Impaired-Driving Enforcement Visibility: Six Case Studies Summary: Research has shown that an effective way to reduce impaired driving is to increase the perceived risk of being stopped and arrested by law enforcement if driving while impaired. One of the most successful strategies for doing this is the coupling of intense and highly visible enforcement with publicity about the enforcement campaign. The term “high-visibility enforcement” (HVE) is used to describe law enforcement efforts aimed at deterring unsafe driving behavior by increasing the public’s perception of being caught, arrested, and prosecuted. Two common enforcement strategies of HVE operations are sobriety checkpoints and saturation patrols. Checkpoints concentrate law enforcement officers at the roadside to identify impaired drivers passing through. Saturation patrols involve an increased number of officers patrolling a limited area where impaired driving is prevalent. Both use highly visible elements (such as a concentration of law enforcement officers, bright lights, signs, and marked patrol cars) to heighten their visual impact. Enforcement efforts must be supported by an equal amount of publicity and communications. Publicity regarding the operations also raises awareness, and the perception of increased likelihood of detection of impaired driving. Research has indicated that HVE operations that are well-publicized, conducted frequently, and have high visibility deter impaired driving. This report presents six case studies of HVE programs currently operating in the United States. Three operate at the county level— Anoka County, Minnesota; Charles County, Maryland; and Pasco County, Florida. One operates at the city level in Escondido, California. One operates in a region of a State (Southeast Wisconsin). One operates in six States (Delaware, Kentucky, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia) and the District of Columbia. Each case study includes discussion of the HVE program’s history, enforcement strategies, visibility elements, operation, resources, use of media, educational components, funding, support from political leaders and the community, barriers encountered, and strengths of the program. Some case studies include statistics on the HVE operations (e.g., number of checkpoints, number of officers per saturation patrol) and impaired-driving crashes, arrests, and/or convictions before and after the program began. The report is intended to provide information on impaired driving HVE programs for regional, State and local agencies considering incorporating HVE strategies into their efforts to curb impaired driving or to modify existing HVE programs. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2013. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 811 716: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811716.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 129338 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (U.S.)Drunk DrivingPublicity CampaignsSobriety Checkpoints |
Author: Beasley, Erin E. Title: A Comparison of Drug- and Alcohol-involved Motor Vehicle Driver Fatalities Summary: Drugs and driving is an emerging issue both within Canada and internationally, but knowledge about this topic is still in its infancy. This project was designed to complement and extend our previous and ongoing work on drug-impaired driving. Data from two distinct sources (coroners‘ reports and motor vehicle crash records) were merged to compare and contrast the circumstances and characteristics of fatally injured drivers of motor vehicles who have used either alcohol, drugs or both, and the crashes in which they were involved. The first of these datasets, the Fatality Database, houses information on all persons killed in motor vehicle collisions in Canada. This database contains the results of alcohol and drug tests performed by coroners on victims of motor vehicle collisions in Canada. These data were linked with detailed information about the crash contained in the National Collision Database, which is collected and maintained by Transport Canada. From 2000–2007, 12,978 drivers died in vehicle crashes on public roadways in Canada. Of these driver fatalities, 84.0% were tested for alcohol and 46.4% were tested for drugs. There were 5,929 drivers that were tested for both alcohol and drugs. Of these drivers, 2,689 (45.4%) had no alcohol or drugs present, 1,097 (18.5%) tested positive for a psychoactive drug (but negative for alcohol), 1,301 (21.9%) tested positive for alcohol only, and 842 (14.2%) drivers tested positive for both alcohol and at least one psychoactive drug. These findings indicate that the extent of drug use among fatally injured drivers (33%) is comparable to that of alcohol use (37%). The most common psychoactive substances found among fatally injured drivers were central nervous system depressants, cannabis, central nervous system stimulants, and narcotic analgesics. Different patterns of drug use by gender and age were also evident. An examination of the circumstances and factors associated with the crash provides evidence that collisions involving drugs were very different in nature than those involving alcohol. For example, whereas alcohol-involved fatal crashes were most common during early morning hours on weekends, drug-involved fatal crashes were more likely than alcohol-involved crashes to occur during daytime hours on weekdays. There was also a tendency for alcohol-involved crashes to involve a single vehicle; drug-involved crashes were more likely to involve more than one vehicle. The overall pattern of findings indicates that the use of drugs by drivers is an issue distinct and separate from that of alcohol use by drivers and therefore requires a unique approach to prevention, education and enforcement to reduce the number of fatal crashes involving driver drug use and improve overall road safety in Canada. Details: Ottawa, ONT: Canadiain Centre on Substance Abuse, 2011. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 18, 2013 at: http://www.ccsa.ca/2011%20CCSA%20Documents/2011_CCSA_Drug-and_Alcohol-Involved_Motor_Vehicle_Driver_Fatalities_en.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.ccsa.ca/2011%20CCSA%20Documents/2011_CCSA_Drug-and_Alcohol-Involved_Motor_Vehicle_Driver_Fatalities_en.pdf Shelf Number: 129444 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (Canada)Drugged DrivingDrunk DrivingMotor Vehicle Fatalieis |
Author: Beirness, Douglas J. Title: Alcohol and Drug Use Among Drivers: British Columbia Roadside Survey 2010 Summary: In the spring of 2010, the Government of British Columbia announced new sanctions for drinking drivers. As part of an evaluation of the impact of these new sanctions, a random survey of drivers was conducted at preselected locations in British Columbia from Wednesday to Saturday nights in June 2010. The primary purpose was to gather information on the prevalence of alcohol use among nighttime drivers to be used as a pre-legislation baseline for the evaluation. This study was also intended to extend the findings from a previous Roadside Survey (Beirness and Beasley 2009; 2010) to include a community in northern British Columbia as well as a community from the interior. An additional purpose of the survey was to gather information on the prevalence of drug use among drivers in the selected communities to complement and extend the information gathered as part of the 2008 Roadside Survey. Drivers were randomly sampled from the traffic stream between 21:00 and 03:00 and were asked to provide a voluntary breath sample to measure their alcohol use and an oral fluid sample to be tested subsequently for the presence of drugs. Of the 2,840 vehicles selected, 86% of drivers provided a breath sample and 71% provided a sample of oral fluid. Key findings include: • 9.9% of drivers had been drinking; • 7.2% of drivers tested positive for drug use; • Cannabis and cocaine were the drugs most frequently detected in drivers; • Alcohol use among drivers was most common on weekends and during late-night hours; drug use was more evenly distributed across all survey nights and times; • Alcohol use was most common among drivers aged 19 to 24 and 25 to 34; drug use was more evenly distributed across all age groups; and, • While driving after drinking has decreased considerably since1995, the number of drivers with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) sufficient to be subject to provincial sanctions (i.e., over 50 mg/ dL ) or Criminal sanctions i (i.e., over 80 mg/dL) continues to be an area of concern. The results show that drug use among drivers is not uncommon and that the pattern of drug use by drivers differs from that of alcohol use. For example, whereas the prevalence of alcohol use increases during late night hours, particularly on Friday and Saturday nights, drug use appears more consistent across days and times. The different patterns of alcohol and drug use by drivers suggest that driving after drug use presents a unique behaviour that differs from driving after drinking, indicating the need for a separate and distinct approach to enforcement, public education, prevention, and research. In comparison to previous surveys conducted in British Columbia since 1995, there has been a considerable reduction in the proportion of drivers found to have been drinking. However, the proportion of drivers with BACs over 50 mg/dL and over 80 mg/dL remain high, suggesting the need for further initiatives directed specifically at these high risk groups. Details: Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2011. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 18, 2013 at: http://www.ccsa.ca/2011%20CCSA%20Documents/2011_CCSA_Alcohol_and_Drug_Use_Among_Drivers_en.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.ccsa.ca/2011%20CCSA%20Documents/2011_CCSA_Alcohol_and_Drug_Use_Among_Drivers_en.pdf Shelf Number: 129449 Keywords: Breath TestsDriving Under the Influence (Canada)Drugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Beasley, Erin E. Title: Alcohol and Drug Use Among Drivers Following the Introduction of Immediate Roadside Prohibitions in British Columbia: Findings from the 2012 Roadside Survey Summary: In the spring of 2010, the Government of British Columbia announced new measures to deal with drinking drivers that would be implemented in September 2010. The Immediate Roadside Prohibition (IRP) program involved a series of increased sanctions applied at roadside for drivers with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) starting at 50 mg/dL. As part of an evaluation of the impact of the IRP legislation on the drinking-driving behaviour of drivers, a survey of drivers was conducted in five communities in British Columbia in June 2010 and again in June 2012. Drivers were randomly selected from the traffic stream between 21:00 and 03:00 on Wednesday through Saturday nights and asked to provide a voluntary breath sample to measure their alcohol use and an oral fluid sample to be tested subsequently for the presence of drugs. Of the 2,513 vehicles selected for the survey in 2012, 89% of drivers provided a breath sample and 70% provided a sample of oral fluid. Driving after drinking decreased significantly following the introduction of IRP. In particular, the percentage of drivers with BACs over 80 mg/dL decreased by 59%; drivers with BACs of at least 50 mg/dL decreased by 44%. Compared to similar roadside surveys dating back to 1995, the levels of drinking and driving were the lowest ever recorded. The decreases in drinking and driving were not restricted to specific sub-groups of drivers but were universal across age groups, sex, and communities. The results also revealed a changing pattern of drinking of driving. For example, the typical pattern of increased drinking and driving on weekend nights was not observed and the prevalence of drinking drivers on the road during late night hours was less than half that found in 2010. No driver with a BAC over 80 mg/dL reported that they were coming from a bar, pub or nightclub. Together, these findings are evidence of a profound and universal change in drinking and driving in British Columbia following the introduction of the IRP legislation in September 2010. The prevalence of drug use by drivers in 2012 did not change from the levels reported in 2010. Overall, 7.4% of drivers tested positive for drugs; in 2010 7.2% of drivers were drug-positive. Once again, cannabis and cocaine were the most commonly detected substances. As was the case in previous surveys, the pattern of drug use by drivers was more consistent than alcohol use across age groups, days of the week, and time of night. It was evident from the interviews and questionnaires that drivers in British Columbia were aware of the new IRP legislation and remain concerned about impaired driving. They appear willing to accept tough measures in support of efforts to improve the safety of the roads. Several challenges remain to sustain the observed changes and further reduce the impact of impaired driving. Male drivers between 25 and 34 years of age remain the most likely to drive after consuming impairing amounts of alcohol. Although females are less likely than males to drink and drive, when they do, they tend to do so with elevated BACs. Of the drinking drivers that remain, they tend to be frequent and/or heavy drinkers. Also, the overall prevalence of drug use among drivers has not changed but there were increases in drug use among certain subgroups. These issues continue to be in need of further study and extra attention is required to develop appropriate and effective policies and programs for education, prevention, enforcement, and rehabilitation. Details: Ottawa, ON: Beirness & Associates, Inc., 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 22, 2013 at: http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/osmv/shareddocs/bc-roadside-report2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/osmv/shareddocs/bc-roadside-report2012.pdf Shelf Number: 129480 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (Canada)Drugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Huseth, Andrea Title: Alcohol Consumption Patterns in North Dakota: Survey of DUI Offenders Summary: The state of North Dakota consistently has one of the highest rates of traffic fatalities involving alcohol in the nation. Since 2003, the state has led the nation twice, has been in the top four on five occasions, and has been in the top quarter every year for the proportion of traffic fatalities that involve any alcohol. Because of the high rates of impaired driving in North Dakota, the North Dakota Department of Transportation's Traffic Safety Office created a DUI offender survey to better understand the tendencies and behaviors of those who choose to drink and drive. Initiated in Fiscal Year 2010, the survey was designed to identify consumption patterns in North Dakota's driving population. The survey was designed to assist with both traffic safety program development and evaluation to help state officials better understand the nature of impaired driving in the state. The survey was distributed through a partnership with the state's alcohol assessment and treatment providers. The survey asked individuals about a variety of topics related to their decision to drink and drive. The survey included questions about the last place where alcohol was consumed, the type of vehicle the offender was driving, if a designated driver was available, the amount of alcohol they had been consuming, if anyone tried to prevent the offender from driving, and other similar questions. The purpose of the survey was to understand the decisions and behavior patterns of individuals who have chosen to drive after drinking. State officials and others can then use this knowledge in media efforts, goal setting, and preventative measures. The objective of this study was to analyze data from past DUI offender surveys. The goal was for the findings to be a resource for improving traffic safety program functionality and effectiveness in reducing the tendency of North Dakotans to drive after drinking alcohol. Details: Fargo, ND: Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North Dakota State University, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2014 at: http://www.ugpti.org/pubs/pdf/DP254.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.ugpti.org/pubs/pdf/DP254.pdf Shelf Number: 131918 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingTraffic Fatalities |
Author: Willis, Charlene Title: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programmes for Reducing Drink Driving Recidivism (Review) Summary: Convicted drink drivers are sometimes offered the choice of a standard punishment, or for an alcohol ignition interlock to be fitted to their car for a fixed period. To operate a vehicle equipped with an interlock, the driver must first give a breath specimen. If the breath alcohol concentration of the specimen is too high, the vehicle will not start. A number of studies have been conducted to see whether the interlock stops drink drivers from offending again. Most of these studies have not been of high quality. The interlock seems to reduce re-offending as long as it is still fitted to the vehicle, but there is no long-term benefit after it has been removed. However, more studies of good quality are needed to confirm these findings. The low percentage of offenders who choose to have an interlock fitted also makes it difficult to reach firm conclusions about their effectiveness. Details: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009, Issue 1. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2014 at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004168.pub2/pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004168.pub2/pdf Shelf Number: 131974 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramRecidivism |
Author: Fieldler, Katherine Title: Case Studies of Ignition Interlock Programs Summary: Under a contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Acclaro Research Solutions, Inc. prepared this program guide of case studies. The guide profiles the work of six States and their use of ignition interlocks as part of an overall strategy to combat alcohol-impaired driving. This guide is the result of a multi-phased effort involving a scan of relevant literature, informal discussions with interlock experts and program administrators, a case study selection process, and site visits to each selected program. The six States profiled in this document are Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New Mexico, New York, and Oklahoma. Each State demonstrates unique approaches and innovations in the use of interlocks. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2012. 172p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2014 at: www.nhtsa.gov/ Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: www.nhtsa.gov/ Shelf Number: 131981 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: McKnight, A. Scott Title: Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring: Case Studies Summary: Judges, probation officers, and parole officers sometimes require impaired-driving offenders and other offenders to abstain from alcohol and other drugs. Consequently, they need a way to determine whether offenders are complying with that requirement. This report describes the experiences of six jurisdictions using continuous transdermal alcohol monitoring - a technology that can detect the use of alcohol by offenders and report it to authorities. There are three basic ways to prevent alcohol-impaired driving by known offenders: (a) prevent driving; (b) prevent driving after drinking; and (c) prevent drinking. Preventing offenders from drinking can potentially protect the public against alcohol-impaired-driving crashes and reduce other alcohol-related problems, such as domestic violence, nontraffic injury, and alcohol addiction. Judges frequently make abstinence a requirement of an offenders' sentence for a repeat driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) violation and sometimes make it a formal probation requirement. Unless enforced by a monitoring program, however, such a requirement may not have the desired effect. The Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) device produced by Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS) and the Transdermal Alcohol Detection (TAD) system developed by BI Incorporated (BI) are two transdermal alcohol-monitoring devices that are increasingly being used across the country on alcohol-related criminal offenders. Both devices use ankle bracelets that sample perspiration to detect ethanol vapor and can automatically transfer the information stored on the ankle bracelet via modem to a secure Web server. The data is used to generate daily reports of offenders' drinking events, tamper attempts, and other forms of noncompliance with program requirements. The system was designed for security and remote reporting to minimize circumvention and render the data usable by supervising agencies. In the United States, the SCRAM device has been in use longer and has achieved much greater market penetration than the TAD. SCRAM reportedly is being used in 46 States. AMS reports that it works with more than 200 service providers in more than 1,800 courts and agencies around the United States. From a group of 9,100 offenders who were monitored using the SCRAM device from 2004 to 2009, 75 percent were considered compliant (no alcohol use or tampering occurred). BI currently has more than 1,700 TAD units in use at nearly 200 sites. The objectives of this project were to determine how extensively transdermal alcohol-monitoring devices are used and to document examples of strong and innovative programs through case studies that can be used by agencies at the State and local levels considering the use of these devices to monitor offenders. Six programs were selected for case study. Information from these six case studies revealed the following: (a) use of transdermal alcohol monitoring of DWI offenders is increasing; (b) transdermal alcohol monitoring appears to reliably monitor alcohol use by offenders (prior methods had not been as reliable) and thus is beneficial to officials; (c) transdermal-monitoring devices appear not to have any insurmountable problems (cost is an issue, but costs are paid mostly by the offender). Research is needed to carefully study whether transdermal alcohol-monitoring devices reduce drinking and DWI recidivism by offenders. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2012. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2014 at: www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 132176 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol-Monitoring DevicesDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingDWIRecidivism |
Author: Giesbrecht, Norman Title: Strategies to Reduce Alcohol-Related Harms and Costs in Canada: A Comparison of Provincial Policies Summary: Alcohol is consumed by over 80% of Canadian adults and in many instances is used in moderation (Ialomiteanu et al., 2012). However, alcohol is associated with a wide range of harms such as acute injuries, trauma, and violence. Alcohol use is also associated with the development of many chronic diseases (Rehm et al., 2009) and is one of the leading causes of disease and disability in the Americas (Lim et al., 2012). There is a strong line of research demonstrating that increases in alcohol consumption, and hazardous drinking patterns are associated with increases in a range of alcohol-related harms (Norstrom, 2007; Ramstedt, 2008; Rossow, 2004; Skog, 2003; Rehm, et al., 2008; Anderson et al., 2009a; Babor et al., 2010). Recent data from Canada indicate that alcohol consumption increased by 13% between 1996 and 2010 (Statistics Canada, 2011) and that approximately 20% of drinkers drink above the Canadian low-risk drinking guidelines (LRDGs) (Ialomiteanu et al., 2009; Canadian Public Health Association, 2011). Several factors may be driving these developments, including a gradual shift towards privatization, increased access to alcohol, extensive marketing and increased acceptability of alcohol use in Canadian society. A system-level response is required in order to curb consumption and reduce these alcohol-related harms and associated costs. Several types of alcohol policy have been shown to be effective in not only reducing population levels of damage, but also modifying the behaviour of high-risk drinkers (Edwards et al., 1994; Babor et al., 2010; Smart & Mann, 2002). This report provides a systematic and comparative review of policies and programs across all Canadian provinces which have the potential to reduce the considerable health and social harms from alcohol. The overall objective is to encourage greater uptake of these practices and thereby improve public health and safety in Canada. Details: Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 2013. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2014 at: http://www.camh.ca/en/research/news_and_publications/reports_and_books/Documents/Strategies%20to%20Reduce%20Alcohol%20Related%20Harms%20and%20Costs%202013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.camh.ca/en/research/news_and_publications/reports_and_books/Documents/Strategies%20to%20Reduce%20Alcohol%20Related%20Harms%20and%20Costs%202013.pdf Shelf Number: 132372 Keywords: Alcohol-Related Crime, Disorder (Canada)AlcoholismDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk Driving |
Author: Grondel, Darrin T. Title: Evaluation of the Washington State Ignition Interlock Pilot Program 2009 Summary: Washington State first enacted ignition interlock laws in 1987. The laws have been modified several times over the past two decades to expand ignition interlock device (IID) use and increase compliance. In 2009, Washington State created Ignition Interlock Licenses (IIL) and modified the existing ignition interlock laws. The Washington Traffic Safety Commission (WTSC) evaluated the effects of the 2009 law on recidivism and compliance. This report provides an evaluation of drivers who had an IID installed during 2009 under the new laws. Utilizing data provided by ignition interlock vendors and the Department of Licensing (DOL), WTSC evaluated installation compliance, noncompliance behaviors, and recidivism. The evaluation showed: Installation compliance has improved. - An installation compliance rate of 56 percent, higher than the 33 percent compliance rate reported in an evaluation of the 2004-2006 laws. There is a high frequency of driver noncompliant actions after the IID is installed. - Among IID drivers, 8.2 percent started their vehicles either never or rarely (0-9 starts per month). An additional 5.1 percent of drivers exhibited minimum vehicle use (10-19 starts per month). - Overall, 21 percent of interlocked drivers were found to have tampered with the IID at least once. Among drivers who tampered with their IIDs, the average number of tampering attempts was 11.6 times. - Overall, 73 percent of interlocked drivers experienced one or more start failures; the average number of start failures was 10.8. Ten percent of these drivers had 27 or more start failures. The average blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reading for start failures was 0.09. - Failures in random retests occurred for 37 percent of all drivers with an average of 1.6 retest failures. The average BAC reading was 0.06 for retest failures. - Vehicle lockouts occurred among 25 percent of the drivers, with an average of 1.32 lockouts. The IID significantly lowered recidivism among second and third-plus DUI offenders. - Among first driving under the influence (DUI) offenders, no significant difference in recidivism was found between the IID drivers and non-IID drivers. Differences in age and prior driving history between IID drivers and non-IID drivers did not affect the results. - Among second DUI offenders, there was a significant difference in recidivism between the IID drivers and non-IID drivers. Second DUI offenders with an IID had a 26 percent lower recidivism rate. - Among third-plus DUI offenders, there was a significant difference in recidivism between the IID drivers and non-IID drivers. Third-plus DUI offenders with an IID had a 28 percent lower recidivism rate. Details: Olympia, WA: Washington Traffic Safety Commission, 2014. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2014 at: http://www-stage.wtsc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/04/IIPP.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www-stage.wtsc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/04/IIPP.pdf Shelf Number: 133080 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock Devices (Washington State)Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramRecidivism |
Author: Berning, Amy Title: Results of the 2013-2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers Summary: Over the last four decades, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and/or the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) conducted four national surveys to estimate the prevalence of drinking and driving in the United States (Wolfe, 1974; Lund & Wolfe, 1991; Voas et al, 1998; Compton & Berning, 2009; Lacey et al, 2009). The first National Roadside Survey (NRS) was conducted in 1973, followed by national surveys of drivers in 1986, 1996, 2007, and now 2013-2014. These surveys used a stratified random sample of weekend nighttime drivers in the contiguous 48 States and collected data directly from drivers on the road. The 2007 NRS added procedures to the NRS for the first time to estimate the use by drivers of other potentially impairing drugs. Prior roadside surveys had only collected breath samples to determine breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Due to developments in analytical toxicology, NHTSA determined it would be feasible in the 2007 and 2013-2014 surveys to determine driver use of a variety of potentially impairing drugs including illegal drugs as well as legal medications. In 2013-2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducted the most recent National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. This voluntary and anonymous study is the second to collect data on drug use, presenting our first opportunity to examine drug use trends on a national scale. The 20132014 NRS was designed to produce national estimates of alcohol and drug use by weekday daytime and weekend nighttime drivers. Thus, the use rates presented below are national prevalence rates calculated from the percentage of drivers using alcohol or drugs and adjusted with an appropriate weighting scheme. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 118): Accessed March 9, 2015 at: www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 134767 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (U.S.)Driving Under the Influence of DrugsDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Kelley-Baker, Tara Title: Implementing a Citizen's DWI Reporting Program Using the Extra Eyes Model Summary: This manual is a guide for law enforcement agencies and community organizations in creating and implementing a citizen's DWI reporting program in their communities modeling the Operation Extra Eyes program. Extra Eyes is a program that engages volunteers in identifying impaired drivers on community roadways. This manual is a quick reference for organizing and managing this volunteer program. It provides easy-to-read information on topics such as recruiting volunteers, interviewing volunteers, risk management, networking, community involvement, and leadership. A citizen's DWI reporting program like Extra Eyes is a valuable tool for bringing together citizens and law enforcement in a community. Working together toward a common goal-reducing impaired driving and the associated costs-can be an effective way to generate support among community members. Though not a quick or simple process, the program is a good investment in a community's future. The key to success is the interaction between volunteers and police officers. Involving citizens and students in the process garners community support and promotes a better understanding of law enforcement officers and the problems they face. Additionally, law enforcement officers strengthen their relationships with citizens and students in the community, which enables them to provide better service. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Office of Impaired Driving and Occupant Protection, 2008. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2015 at: https://mcs.nhtsa.gov/index.cfm/product/447/implementing-a-citizens-dwi-reporting-program-using-the-extra-eyes-model-manual.cfm Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: https://mcs.nhtsa.gov/index.cfm/product/447/implementing-a-citizens-dwi-reporting-program-using-the-extra-eyes-model-manual.cfm Shelf Number: 135078 Keywords: Community-Based ProgramsDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingVolunteers |
Author: Guenzburger, Gloriam Vanine Title: Differences Between Jail Sentences and Jail Terms Actually Served among DUI offenders In Selected California Counties Summary: Records of 32.7% of California's DUI offenders convicted in 2006, who received jail or a jail alternative sentence, were used to compare jail terms at sentencing to actual jail time served, and to describe used alternative sanctions to jail. County data systems' variation, tracking methods, quality and completeness of data, and lack of communication between Courts and Sheriff's Departments limited sample size and representativeness. Percentages of jail time served across participating counties ranged from 0 to 67% for 1st offenders, 0 to 47% for 2nd offenders, and 0 to 67% for 3rd offenders. Median percentages of jail sentences actually served across participating counties were 0%, 19%, and 38% for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd offenders, respectively. Alternative sentences were used more often on 1st DUI offenders, less so on 2nd offenders, and least often on 3rd offenders. The most popular alternative sentences in lieu of jail options were Sheriff's Work Program and Caltrans Work Program. Jail sentences reported to DMV greatly overstate amount of jail time actually served by DUI offenders. Further evaluation of effectiveness of jail time served by California DUI offenders is not possible at present because California's DUI Offender Tracking System does not keep good track of offenders. Recommendations are: results from previous California DMV studies and/or studies from other states showing jail terms as ineffective in reducing alcohol-involved crashes or DUI recidivism should be taken with caution; efforts should be made so California's DUI Offender Tracking System is consistent with NHTSA's 2006 guidelines; DMV's court abstract collection system should require jail terms keyed in, if disposition code "J" is present; DMV's JAG project to assess accuracy and timeliness of DUI conviction data sent to DMV should be finished, and its findings used in conjunction of this study's findings to enable the implementation of recommendations from NHTSA's 2011 California Traffic Records Assessment. Details: Sacramento: California Department of Motor Vehicles, 2012. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2015 at: http://apps.dmv.ca.gov/about/profile/rd/r_d_report/Section_5/S5-239.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://apps.dmv.ca.gov/about/profile/rd/r_d_report/Section_5/S5-239.pdf Shelf Number: 135229 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the Influence (California)Drunk DrivingJailsSentencing |
Author: Hiller, Matthew Title: Waukesha Alcohol Treatment Court (WATC): Process and Outcomes Summary: This report presents findings from a process and outcome evaluation of the Waukesha Alcohol Treatment Court (WATC), a program initiated by a group of local stakeholders to address the Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) problem endemic to the county and to Wisconsin as a whole. With 3 years of implementation funding provided by the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), the program has been in operation since April 2006. Specifically, this report examines an exhaustive sample of participants admitted to the WATC between May 1, 2006 and May 15, 2009. Process data summarized below compared the implementation of the program to both the plan laid out in the narrative of the grant funded by BJA as well as the 10 Key Components, a commonly accepted guideline that details the program theory underlying these types of programs. In addition to this, the outcome evaluation portion of this study compared WATC participants with a "waiting list" comparison group of 3rd OWI offenders who were precluded from participation because they served out their jail time before a program slot became available. In general, findings showed that the program continues to be implemented well, adhering closely to the plan laid out in the grant proposal and to the 10 Key Components. Analysis of outcome data showed a measurable impact on 2-year recidivism rates, with 29% of the WATC group being rearrested for a new offense compared to 45% of the comparison group. More specifically, the process evaluation shows a number of program strengths, including a team of dedicated professionals (with limited turnover evident), intensive supervision of convicted 3rd OWI offenders (a niche that historically has received limited local attention), a much greater than anticipated retention rate, and a high degree of on-going program fidelity. Suggested improvements include more fully integrating substance abuse treatment into the program, engaging the District Attorney's office more actively in the program, and careful study of why OAR rates do not drop significantly while the participants are in the program (possibly suggesting the need for a specialized intervention focused around transportation issues faced by those in the program). With respect to the outcome evaluation, reductions in overall recidivism (combining new OWI, OAR and other criminal offenses) were observed. However, because OWI reoffending was infrequently observed in both the comparison and WATC groups, additional study using larger samples and longer follow-up intervals is needed to determine whether the WATC substantially reduces the risk for OWI recidivism (i.e., small differences were observed, but statistical power was too low to determine whether these differences were statistically meaningful). In conclusion, the WATC is a well-implemented program that is measurably impacting recidivism among individuals convicted for their 3rd OWI offense. It fulfills an important niche in the post-conviction supervision of these individuals (who are typically not under probation supervision after release from jail or Huber). Future examinations should determine the extent to which costs offset by the program (related to new offense and to the number of days participants do not serve on their original jail/Huber sentence because they are being supervised in the community) relate to costs incurred by the program. Details: Philadelphia, PA: Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 2009. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.dwicourts.org/sites/default/files/nadcp/WATC_Outcome_Evaluation-final%20draft.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.dwicourts.org/sites/default/files/nadcp/WATC_Outcome_Evaluation-final%20draft.pdf Shelf Number: 135617 Keywords: Alcohol Treatment CourtsAlternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the InfluenceDrug Treatment CourtsDrunk DrivingProblem Solving CourtsRecidivism |
Author: Goldsmid, Susan Title: Findings from the DUMA program: Drink and drug driving among police detainees Summary: In Australia, random breath testing (RBT) was introduced in the mid-1970s to detect drivers under the influence of alcohol (Baldock & Woolley 2013). This resulted in a reduction in fatal crashes and alcohol-related traffic accidents across Australia (Drummond, Sullivan & Cavallo 1992; Henstridge, Homel & Mackay 1997; Watson & Freeman 2007). The success of RBT can be explained through the classic deterrence doctrine, which suggests that decision-making is influenced by the perception of whether the benefits of the crime outweigh the risks of being caught (Homel 1988). The introduction of RBT arguably increased the perceived and real risk of being caught, which positively influenced individuals' decisions to refrain from driving while intoxicated. Following the successful implementation of RBT, between 2004 (in Victoria) and 2011 (in the Australian Capital Territory), random roadside drug testing (RRDT) was introduced across Australia. The aim of RRDT was to deter drug driving, decreasing both the prevalence of drug driving and the associated harms. In 2013, data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) indicated that drug driving and drink driving had been engaged in by more than one in 10 Australians (16% and 12% respectively) surveyed during the previous 12 months (AIHW 2014). Rates of drug driving are even higher in populations where illicit drug use is common, such as among police detainees, where 65 percent of detainees surveyed reported driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the previous 12 months (Adams, Smith & Hind 2008). Examining perceptions of risk of drug driving, in terms of both being caught and legitimacy (perceptions of impairment to driving ability), will identify whether the preconditions exist to support drug driving deterrence through RRDT. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Research in Practice, No. 39: Accessed May 20, 2015 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip39/rip39.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip39/rip39.pdf Shelf Number: 135734 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrugs and DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Lowe, Nathan C. Title: Screening for Risk and Needs Using the Impaired Driving Assessment Summary: Drunk driving continues to be a serious public health concern and a threat to public safety in the United States. In recent years, greater efforts have been made to enhance assessment practices for those offenders convicted of DWI in order to increase the identification of predicting which offenders are most likely to continue to drive impaired from those who are less likely to engage in this behavior. Under a cooperative agreement with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) prepared this report on their development of a screening tool, Impaired Driving Assessment (IDA) to identify a DWI offender's risk of engaging in future conduct of impaired driving, and to help determine the most effective community supervision that will reduce such risk. APPA conducted a literature, analyzed assessment responses of DWI offenders, and interviewed experts in the field of impaired driving research and treatment to provide guidelines in selecting the measurement components of the most appropriate instrument. APPA identified several major risk areas of DWI recidivism. An individual's past behavior stood out across multiple risk areas, including prior DWI and non-DWI involvement in the justice system and prior involvement with alcohol and other drugs. In addition, resistance to and non-compliance with current and past involvement in the justice system was identified as a major risk area. These identified areas informed the inclusion of certain items in the IDA. APPA pilot test IDA with DWI probationers in Brown County Adult Probation, Minnesota; Nicollet County Adult Probation, Minnesota; Westchester County Probation Department, New York; and Tarrant County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, Texas. The development of IDA and the pilot test results are shared in this document. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway traffic Safety Administration, 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2015 at: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1343067 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1343067 Shelf Number: 136329 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Fisher, Deborah A. Title: Intensive DWI supervision in urban areas - feasibility study Summary: Drivers with prior convictions for driving while impaired (DWI) carry a higher risk of future DWI arrests and crash involvement. In response, communities have developed various strategies to address the drinking-driving problems of DWI offenders by assisting them in making positive behavioral changes to reduce their likelihood of recidivism. One program model developed to monitor offender drinking involves having an offender report twice daily to a law enforcement office for alcohol breath testing at 12-hour intervals. To date, these 24/7 sobriety programs have been used in rural States and communities; however, the program model is being considered for implementation in additional locales. The purpose of this project was to conduct a feasibility study to gather data on whether the 24/7 program model can be applied in urban locales, and if so, what changes might be necessary. In Phase 1 of the study, structured discussions were held with State and local officials in Montana; North Dakota; South Dakota; and Fremont County, Wyoming, to develop a complete description of the history of 24/7 programs in rural areas. In Phase 2, information from Phase 1 was used to conduct discussions with local officials in two urban areas - Washington, DC, and Fairfax County, Virginia - to obtain their impressions about whether and how a 24/7 program could be operated in their jurisdictions. Urban officials reserved judgment about whether such a program would affect offender drinking, impaired driving, and crashes, though most believed it would help identify those who are alcohol-dependent and assist in connecting them with needed resources. Despite potential benefits, officials were generally cautious but somewhat open to the prospects regarding program feasibility. This tempered reaction was a function of concerns about practical issues of implementation and broader concerns about the value of and need for twice-daily testing programs in urban locations. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2013. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2015 at: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/169903.aspx Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/169903.aspx Shelf Number: 136335 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementBreath TestsDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIntensive Supervision ProbationRecidivism |
Author: Gentles, Peggy Title: Non-Felony Driving While Intoxicated: Case Processing in Wright County Minnesota Summary: Driving while impaired incidents in Minnesota have significant public safety and criminal justice impacts. This project studied 2013 non-felony impaired driving (DWI) dispositions in Wright County, Minnesota. The Minnesota Judicial Branch has timing objectives for the disposition of cases, including non-felony criminal cases. The project sought to analyze the disposed cases to identify changes in case processing that could positively impact time to disposition in non-felony DWI cases. Additionally, the possibility of triaging first-time offenders' cases to both improve performance on the timing objectives as well as to reduce recidivism of those offenders is investigated. The source data for the project were large data extracts from the Court's case management system. Case-level and hearing level data on non-felony DWI disposed cases were examined. The data sets were analyzed using descriptive statistics and variance analysis to identify any independent variable's impact on time to disposition. The level of offense, defendant's representation status (private counsel, public defender, and self-represented), and number of hearings were found to significantly impact time to disposition. Prosecuting agency and blood alcohol content were not found to impact time to disposition. A random sample of first-time offender cases was evaluated based on factors identified in research as predictive of recidivism. At the beginning of the project, the author assumed that triaging cases could identify cases requiring less judicial intervention, freeing up court calendar time, without increasing recidivism. The analysis revealed that cases identified through triage for less judicial intervention already were disposing quickly and with few hearings. Therefore, the hope that formal triage could be adopted to further reduce time to disposition was not borne out by the data. The project concludes that Wright County District Court's non-felony 2013 DWI dispositions did not meet state timing objectives. The Court's time to disposition compared favorably neither to the statewide averages nor to similarly sized counties. The Court should establish a more active case management strategy for non-felony DWI cases. A committee of stakeholders should be formed to look specifically at the variables that were found to impact time to disposition and evaluate the necessity of their impact. The project also identified limitations in data quality and availability of data to court managers and therefore recommends improvements both for local court administration and the state court administrator's offices. Finally, the proposal to use the concept of triage based on anticipated outcomes rather than case characteristics should be investigated further. While the sample data in this project did not prompt a recommendation for further consideration in this project's context, additional scholarship may develop the efficacy, as well as potential ethical concerns, of such an approach. Details: Williamsburg, VA: Institute for Court Management, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 17, 2015 at: http://ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/spcts/id/291/rec/1 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/spcts/id/291/rec/1 Shelf Number: 136438 Keywords: Case ProcessingDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingProblem-Solving CourtsRecidivism |
Author: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Title: Review of Applicability of Transdermal Continuous Alcohol Monitoring Devices for First-Time DUI Convictions Summary: Transdermal alcohol monitoring devices detect drinking by sensing alcohol that passes through perspiration in the skin. Independent evaluations have concluded that the science behind transdermal alcohol testing is sound (Barnett, 2011), and the devices themselves are generally reliable and accurate (McKnight, 2012). This technology has been commercially available since 2003 and has been used as a supervisory tool in pre-trial and probation/parole programs, in domestic violence cases with alcohol, drugs courts, and in treatment settings. Non-compliance readings from the devices have been found court-admissible with expert witness testimony. There have been some successful court challenges to the devices in the past, but improvements to the technology have addressed the issues that were raised in the court challenges. After alcohol is consumed and metabolized through the body, it is excreted through the skin via perspiration. The amount of alcohol excreted through perspiration is called transdermal alcohol content (TAC). Transdermal alcohol monitoring devices are a secured ankle bracelet worn continuously that uses a sensor to sample the wearer's perspiration to measure TAC at a specific time interval. The device does not measure alcohol content in the breath or blood, and it measures TAC only above a certain threshold; it may not register low-level amounts of alcohol in the wearer's system. These devices can also detect environmental alcohols, such as in personal care products or in the air (for example, in a bar or an industrial environment), or, rarely, alcohol produced naturally in the body after metabolizing large quantities of certain foods. These can lead to a false reading of a drinking event, or a "false positive." As an anti-tamper measure, the bracelet also contains sensors that sample the wearers body temperature and the device's proximity to the skin. The collected TAC, temperature, and proximity readings are stored in the ankle bracelet. Offenders are both fitted with these devices and monitored by a private, for-profit service. Readings from the ankle bracelet are usually downloaded once a day to the monitoring service's central repository via a modem located in the wearer's home. One monitoring service uses the cellular network to download readings, and advertises that it can notify supervisors of suspected offender drinking events in near-real time via cellular text, email, or voice notification. The readings from the bracelet are used to produce reports of the wearer's drinking events, tamper attempts, or other forms of noncompliance. Non-compliance and offender status reports are accessible to court personnel by logging on to a secure website. There are three transdermal alcohol monitoring systems commercially available today: the Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring system (trademark SCRAM) manufactured by Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS), the Transdermal Alcohol Detection System (trademark BI-TAD) from BI Incorporated, and CAM Patrol Plus from G4S Justice Services. Table 2 summarizes some of the feature of each of these systems. SCRAM was the first transdermal CAM system on the market and is currently in widest use. SCRAMx is the latest version of the AMS system. Details: Richmond: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, 2013. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Alcohol_Monitor_Report_FINAL.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Alcohol_Monitor_Report_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 136676 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingElectronic MonitoringTransdermal Alcohol Monitoring |
Author: Harrison, Paige M. Title: Otter Tail County DWI Court Fergus Falls, MN. Process, Outcomes, and Cost Evaluation Report Summary: WI courts are complex programs designed to deal with some of the most challenging problems that communities face. DWI courts bring together multiple and traditionally adversarial roles plus stakeholders from different systems with different training, proessional language, and approaches. They take on groups of clients that frequently have serious substance abuse treatment needs. Adults with substance abuse issues involved in the criminal justice system must be seen within an ecological context; that is, within the environment that has contributed to their attitudes and behaviors. This environment includes their neighborhoods, families, friends, and formal or informal economies through which they support themselves. The DWI court must understand the various social, economic, mental health and cultural factors that affect their participants. In late 2011, NPC Research was contracted by the State of Minnesota's Department of Public Safety, Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) to conduct an assessment of Minnesota's DWI courts and to determine the work necessary and the feasibility of performing process, outcome, and cost evaluations in these programs. The overall goal of the DWI court project is to have a credible and rigorous evaluation of Minnesota's DWI courts. In June 2012, it was decided to move forward with a full evaluation including a detailed process evaluation and outcome evaluation in all nine of Minnesota's DWI court programs and a cost benefit evaluation in seven of these programs. This is the site-specific report for the Otter Tail County DWI Court (OTC-DWI). The OTC-DWI was implemented in February 2008. This program, designed to take 18 months to complete, takes post-conviction participants, but also allows some participants to enter the pro-gram pre-plea (offenders who know they are pleading guilty and want to start the program before their court hearing). The general program population consists of repeat DWI offenders (with two or more DWI offenses) charged in Otter Tail County with a gross misdemeanor or felony level DWI, who are determined substance dependent. Process Evaluation Summary. The OTC-DWI has been responsive to the community needs and strives to meet the challenges presented by substance-dependant individuals. This program is demonstrating some exemplary practices within each of the 10 Key Components of Drug Courts including good communication between team members, rapid results from drug testing, an appropriate range of services, written incentive and sanctions guidelines, and swift response to participant behaviors. The process evaluation did reveal some recommendations that could further enhance program outcomes that the court was considering or was in the process of implementing in our last discussion. These recommendations included the following: - Flexible hours for the probation officer. The probation officer currently works 24 hours per week on a set schedule of every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. It is strongly recommended that the probation officer position have flexible hours. This would allow for more random drug testing (especially for the female participants) and allow the probation officer to do more home and workplace visits. - Ensure that the home and workplace visits are truly random and ensure appropriate training for the surveillance position. Participants reported that the visits mostly occur in the evening and they are often able to determine when the visit will occur (or were actually told when the next visit would occur). It is recommended that the OTC-DWI develop procedures to ensure that participants are unable to determine the visit schedule. In addition, due to reports of frequent turnover in the surveillance officer position, it is recommended that guidelines be created for this role and training instituted to ensure that all surveillance officers are following appropriate procedures. - Schedule staffing meetings and court sessions for a recurring day and time when all team members are able to attend. Participant feedback and site visit observations indicated that many team members do not regularly attend court sessions. It is strongly recommended that the staffing meeting and court session be held at a time when all team members are able to regularly attend. - Continue efforts toward getting a defense attorney on the team. It was reported that some public defenders support the program and some do not (because they feel their clients do not receive due process and are better served by taking jail time instead of participating in DWI court). The OTC-DWI has made efforts to reach out to and educate the public defenders about DWI court, but due to a severe lack of funding the public defender office does not have time or resources to participate. - Consider sentencing more offenders into the program, specifically felons and high-risk offenders. It was reported that the option of sentencing an offender into the OTC-DWI is rarely used. It is recommended that the program be explained to all judges and that they consider it among their sentencing options. In addition, the OTC-DWI currently has only two felons in the program, and only four felons have been in the program over the past year. It is recommended that the team make an effort to take on more felons in the program since it is the higher risk offenders who most need the services and intensive supervision provided in the OTC-DWI. Outcome Evaluation Summary. The outcome analyses were primarily performed on OTC-DWI participants who entered the DWI court program from January 2009 through December 2011, and a matched comparison group of offenders eligible for DWI court but who received the traditional court process rather than OTC-DWI. Figure A illustrates the average number at 1 year and 2 years after program entry for OTC-DWI graduates, all OTC-DWI participants, and the comparison group. DWI court participants were rearrested about half as often as comparison group members across both years; this difference was statistically significant in Year 1 (p <.05). The results of the outcome analysis for the OTC-DWI are positive. Overall the data showed few-er average arrests among DWI court participants than the comparison group. While most differences were not statistically significant, some of this is attributable to the small sample size. We recommend the program continue to track participants and perhaps conduct another study several years hence. Cost Evaluation Summary. Although the OTC-DWI is a substantial taxpayer investment, over time it results in significant cost savings and a return on its investment. Recommendations. Based on the outcome and cost evaluation, there are some key possibilities for program adjustments that may improve program outcomes. These include: - Ensuring that the program is targeting high-risk/high-need offenders (e.g., felony DWIs) - Decreasing the frequency of court sessions in Phase 2, or seeing some participants who are doing well less often so that the judge can spend at least 3 minutes per participant and also decrease the costs of court appearances. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2014. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2015 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/MN-DWI-Process-Outcome-and-Cost-Report_Otter-Tail-FINAL-FOR-OTS.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/MN-DWI-Process-Outcome-and-Cost-Report_Otter-Tail-FINAL-FOR-OTS.pdf Shelf Number: 137164 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationCost-Benefit AnalysisDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingDrunk Driving CourtsProblem-Solving Courts |
Author: Zil, Charlene E. Title: South St. Louis County DWI Court, St. Louis County, MN: Process, Outcome, and Cost Evaluation Summary: WI courts are complex programs designed to deal with some of the most challenging problems that communities face. These courts bring together multiple and traditionally adversarial roles plus stakeholders from different systems with different training, professional language, and approaches. They take on groups of clients that frequently have serious substance abuse treatment needs. Adults with substance abuse issues involved in the criminal justice system must be seen within an ecological context; that is, within the environment that has contributed to their attitudes and behaviors. This environment includes their neighborhoods, families, friends, and formal or informal economies through which they support themselves. The DWI court must understand the various social, economic, mental health, and cultural factors that affect their participants. In late 2011, NPC Research was contracted by the State of Minnesota's Department of Public Safety, Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) to conduct an assessment of Minnesota's DWI courts and to determine the work necessary and the feasibility of performing process, outcome, and cost evaluations in these programs. The overall goal of the DWI court project is to have a credible and rigorous evaluation of Minnesota's DWI courts. In June 2012, it was decided to move forward with a full evaluation including a detailed process evaluation and outcome evaluation in all nine of Minnesota's DWI court programs and a cost benefit evaluation in seven of these pro-grams. This is the site-specific report for the South St. Louis County DWI Court (SSLC). The SSLC was implemented in February 2008. The program is designed to take 12 to 24 months to complete and takes pre-plea, post-plea/pre-conviction, and post-conviction participants. All offenders must be in the post-adjudication stage upon phase advancement and cannot graduate if not in that stage. The general program population consists of repeat DWI offenders, with gross misdemeanors and felonies accepted into the program. Process Evaluation Summary. The SSLC has been responsive to the community needs and strives to meet the challenges presented by substance-dependant individuals. This program is demonstrating exemplary practices within each of the 10 Key Components of Drug Courts and the 10 DWI Court Guiding Principles including having a dedicated, collaborative, team with members from all key agencies (a law enforcement representative, prosecutor, defense attorney, probation, treatment, coordinator, and judge); a focus on regular training on the drug court model and other relevant topics for the team; a swift referral process; the use of evidence-based treat-ment models, rapid results from drug testing; a random and fully observed drug testing process; a judge who has been with the program long term (well over 2 years); and good communication among the team with a coordinated response to participant behavior. Although this program is functioning well, NPC's review of program operations resulted in some recommendations for program enhancements, which the program has already begun work on implementing. These recommendations included: Modify the current team member Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) to include language about the use and disclosure of protected health information at staffing sessions. Protected health information, particularly around the topic of participant re-lapse, may need to be disclosed by treatment providers at staffing sessions so that the team can make an appropriate and informed decision regarding incentives and sanctions for the participant. - Continue to assess transportation needs of participants and look for resources to provide transportation to those participants who need it. Team members noted significant challenges in providing transportation to participants. - Reevaluate the required length of sobriety to help make program completion a more realistic goal for participants. The SSLC requires that all participants complete 300 days of sobriety in order to graduate. Although there is a clear relationship that indicates the longer a person remains clean (as shown through negative drug tests) the less likely he/she will be to relapse, there are diminishing returns to the participant remaining in the program for an extended length of time (Carey et al., 2005). - Increase the focus on rewards for participants who are doing well. The SSLC has identified the need to provide more meaningful incentives to their DWI court participants. The SSLC currently provides a wide range of intangible rewards, such as praise from the judge and applause for participants, but only occasionally provides tangible re-wards, such as gift cards or tickets to sports games. Focus group participants mentioned the value of overnight passes. The team might consider raffling off or awarding overnight stays or similarly valued rewards for positive behaviors or advancement in the program. - Consider holding graduation ceremonies separate from the drug court hearing or implementing practices that would make them more distinct from regular drug court hearings. Graduations provide an opportunity for community partners to witness DWI court program successes. Inviting community partners to observe and participate in graduations is a low-cost way to highlight the effectiveness of the program and garner interest for continued and future involvement with the program. - Apply to be a DWI Academy Court. Based on the success of its operations, its commitment to best practices, and its strong team, we recommend that the SSLC apply to the National Center for DWI Courts in the next round of applications to be a NCDC DWI Academy Court. Outcome Evaluation Summary. The outcome analyses were primarily performed on SSLC participants who entered the DWI court program from February 1, 2008, to August 23, 2012, and a matched comparison group of offenders eligible for DWI court but who received the traditional court process rather than SSLC. The study groups were tracked for 2 years from program entry. Outcomes measured included graduation rate, rearrests with associated charges (including new DWI charges), crashes, and license reinstatements. The results of the outcome analysis for the SSLC were positive. Figure A illustrates the rearrest rates over a 3-year period for graduates, all participants and the comparison group. (Graduates should not be compared directly to the comparison group as the two groups are not equivalent.) Compared to offenders who experienced traditional court processes, the SSLC participants (re-gardless of whether they graduated from the program) had: - 3 times fewer rearrests for any charge in Year 1 - 66% fewer rearrests, and 66% fewer new DWI arrests 3 years after program entry - Half as many victimizations (person and property arrests) 2 years after entry - 60% fewer felony arrests 2 years after entry Overall the data showed that DWI court participants were rearrested less often than the comparison group, despite the fact that the DWI court group had more offenders with felony DWI arrests than the comparison group. Moreover, and of particular interest, high-risk participants (individuals with three or more prior arrests) had the highest reductions in recidivism (showing the greatest benefit from this program), while lower risk participants (those with two or fewer prior arrests) show little reductions in recidivism. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2014. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2015 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/St-Louis-County-DWI-Court-Process-Outcome-and-Cost-Report-FINAL-FOR-OTS1.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/St-Louis-County-DWI-Court-Process-Outcome-and-Cost-Report-FINAL-FOR-OTS1.pdf Shelf Number: 137176 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the InfluenceDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingDWI CourtsProblem-Solving CourtsRecidivism |
Author: Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee Title: Special Report: The involvement of alcohol consumption in the deaths of children and young people in New Zealand during the years 2005-2007 Summary: While it is commonly accepted that alcohol misuse is harmful, very little is known about the effects of alcohol on the lives of children in New Zealand, particularly those under the age of 16. This special report was commissioned to investigate the role that alcohol consumption plays in the deaths of children and young people in New Zealand. This report examines 357 deaths of children and young people aged between 4 weeks and 24 years who died in New Zealand during the years 2005 to 2007. In 87 of these, the death was attributable to alcohol or alcohol clearly contributed to the death. Of these 87 deaths, 49 involved a motor vehicle, 16 involved assault and 11 were due to drowning. The majority of these deaths related to young people 15 to 24 years. The data shows a dramatic increase in death rates for injury from age 15 years onwards; much of this relates to adolescent risk-taking behaviour for which alcohol is a precipitating factor. This report also highlights that too many young people are victims of their own drinking or victims of the drinking of others. These issues represent different parts of the same problem but require different strategies for prevention. Victims of their own drinking typically drive while intoxicated, carry out risky behaviours (eg, being an intoxicated pedestrian) or drink to the point of poisoning and death. Most victims of others' drinking get into cars with, or are injured by, an intoxicated driver or are assaulted by people who are drunk. Details: Wellington, NZ: Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee, 2011. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2016 at: http://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/CYMRC/Publications/Alcohol-report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/CYMRC/Publications/Alcohol-report.pdf Shelf Number: 137866 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingYouth Mortality |
Author: Pepper, Melissa Title: Alcohol Abstinence Monitoring Requirement: A Process Review of the Proof of Concept Pilot Summary: As part of his 2012 manifesto pledge to introduce 'compulsory sobriety for drunken offenders', the Mayor of London successfully lobbied for legislation to allow for the introduction of the Alcohol Abstinence Monitoring Requirement (AAMR). The new sentencing power, introduced as part of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders (LASPO) Act 2012 allows courts to impose a requirement that an offender abstain from alcohol for a fixed time period of up to 120 days and be regularly tested, via a transdermal alcohol monitoring device in the form of a 'tag' fitted around the ankle, as part of a Community or Suspended Sentence Order. From July 2014, the Mayor's Office for Policing And Crime (MOPAC) conducted a 12 month proof of concept pilot in four boroughs (Croydon, Lambeth, Southwark and Sutton) which comprise the South London Local Justice Area. The aims of the pilot were: - To test how widely courts use the AAMR, and the technical processes within the criminal justice system. - To evidence compliance rates with the AAMR. - To evidence the effectiveness of 'transdermal tags' in monitoring alcohol abstinence. Utilising a range of methods including stakeholder and offender surveys, interviews with stakeholders and MOPAC officers, and analysis of performance monitoring data, this process review sets out learning from the 12 month (31 July 2014 - 30 July 2015) AAMR proof of concept pilot and helps to build the evidence base to inform discussions around further roll out of the AAMR across London and beyond. Details: London: Mayor of London, Office for Policing and Crime, 2016. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2016 at: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/aamr_final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/aamr_final.pdf Shelf Number: 138128 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementCommunity SentenceDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingElectronic Monitoring |
Author: Lacey, John H. Title: Results of the 2012 California Roadside Survey of Nighttime Weekend Drivers' Alcohol and Drug Use Summary: Background This report summarizes the results of the first California Statewide Roadside Survey of Nighttime Weekend Drivers' Alcohol and Drug Use. To our knowledge, it is the first state-level survey of this magnitude. It is modeled on data collection procedures used in the "2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers" sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Methods A random sample of nighttime drivers was interviewed on Friday and Saturday nights from 10 p.m. to midnight and 1:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. Data were collected on one weekend in eight communities and on two weekends in one community during the summer of 2012. The nine communities where data were collected were Eureka, San Rafael, and Redding in the northern part of the state; Fresno and Modesto in the central part of the state; and Anaheim, Ontario, Chula Vista, and Gardena in southern California. Anonymous breath tests and oral fluid samples as well as responses to questionnaires were collected from over 1,300 drivers. The breath alcohol samples were analyzed for alcohol and the oral fluid samples were analyzed for nearly 50 drugs, including prescription, illegal, and over-the-counter drugs. Analyses were conducted by screening using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microplate technology and positive screens were confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology. Results Among eligible drivers approached to participate in the survey, 81% (1,375 drivers) agreed to answer questions, 85.3% (1,449 drivers) provided a breath sample, and 77.3% (1,313 drivers) provided an oral fluid sample. Among drivers participating in the interview, 3.7% reported having a medical marijuana permit and, of those, 65.8% reported having used the permit to purchase marijuana. Within the total population, 40% admitted to having at some time used marijuana. In terms of breath and oral fluid test results, 184 (or, 14%) tested positive for at least one drug, and 7.3% tested positive for alcohol. One percent of tested drivers were at .08 blood alcohol content (BAC) or above. The vast majority (89.6%) of drug positive drivers tested negative for alcohol. Of the drug-positive drivers, 2.7% had a BAC above zero but less than .05; 5.5% from .05 to .08; and 2.2% at or above .08. Marijuana was the most frequently encountered drug at a prevalence rate of 7.4%, with 5.5% of drivers testing positive for marijuana alone; 1.1% testing positive for marijuana and an illegal drug; 0.5% testing positive for marijuana and a medication; and 0.3% testing positive for marijuana, an illegal drug, and a medication. Illegal drugs were present alone in 2.7% of drivers, and in combination with medications in 0.5%. Medications alone were present in 3.3% of drivers. Synthetic marijuana was found in 5 (or 0.4%) drivers. Conclusions This survey provides a baseline California prevalence estimate for alcohol and drug use among nighttime weekend drivers and can be compared with results of future surveys to examine patterns of change in drug and alcohol use in that population. It should be noted that these figures describe the prevalence rates for the presence of these drugs in drivers and do not address whether those drivers were impaired by these substances. Details: Calverton, MD: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2012. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2016 at: http://www.ots.ca.gov/Media_and_Research/Press_Room/2012/doc/2012_Drug_And_Alcohol_Roadside_Survey.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.ots.ca.gov/Media_and_Research/Press_Room/2012/doc/2012_Drug_And_Alcohol_Roadside_Survey.pdf Shelf Number: 138135 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving Under the Influence of DrugsDrug AbuseDrugged DrivingDrugs and DrivingDrunk DrivingNighttime Economy |
Author: Berghaus, G. Title: Meta-analysis of empirical studies concerning the effects of medicines and illegal drugs including pharmacokinetics on safe driving Summary: In essence two different scientific approaches exist to evaluate the effects of psychoactive substances on driving behaviour: epidemiology and experimental studies. The subtask "Meta-Analysis" of Task 1.1 of DRUID (Driving under the influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines) defines the target to evaluate the relevant literature on experimental studies on the effects of psychoactive substances on human performance and driving behaviour for their impact on traffic safety. The evaluation should include - "Medicines regarding to the frequency of driving under medicine influence or the insufficiency of documentation - Drugs regarding to the frequency of driving under drug influence or their novelty with a suspected hazard to driving - Prominent combination of drugs, medicines and alcohol - Alcohol research data will serve as a reference data base" (Description of work) The report at hand picks medicines, drugs (amphetamine, cocaine, cannabis) and prominent combinations out as a central theme whereas the remaining aspects (alcohol, other illegal drugs) will be presented in other deliverables. For medicines and illegal drugs for that exist sufficient relevant literature about their effects on human performance, a meta-analysis is conducted to quantify the results of the experimental studies. The report of the results of the meta-analysis is based on the publication of Berghaus (1997) who reviewed the literature on medicines some years ago. But two completely new approaches were introduced for this evaluation. On the one hand the empirical data on the time-dependent performance impairment of a medicine p.a. was smoothed by an appropriate curve fitting to establish - dose- and time-dependent impairment curves. On the other hand - since one objective of the DRUID project is to determine concentration-dependent effects with emphasis on establishing concentration thresholds - a new research approach had to be established: In a time-consuming evaluation, kinetics (time-dependent course of concentrations of a medicine in blood) of many medicinal agents had to be calculated on the basis of appropriate kinetic studies. With the help of these kinetics we were in the position to establish --concentration-dependent impairment curves. The results will be a quantitative estimation of the effects of the various substances on driving related skills. As requested the knowledge on alcohol will serve as reference base because for alcohol an extensive body of results has been accumulated over the last years and especially the effects of different legal thresholds on driving safety are well understood. Details: DRUID: Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines; Bergisch Gladbach: Federal Highway Research Institute, 2010. 772p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 2, 2016 at: http://www.bast.de/Druid/EN/deliverales-list/downloads/Deliverable_1_1_2_B.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.bast.de/Druid/EN/deliverales-list/downloads/Deliverable_1_1_2_B.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Shelf Number: 138535 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Hargutt, Volker Title: Driving under the influence of alcohol, illicit drugs and medicines. Risk estimations from different methodological approaches. Summary: The objective of this deliverable is to assess the risk of driving with alcohol, illicit drugs and medicines and to deliver substance concentration thresholds for per se legislation. Therefore the results of all epidemiological and experimental studies conducted in DRUID are integrated in this deliverable. In case of combating driving under influence of alcohol, legislative regulations and enforcement practices are clearly defined. Regarding alcohol a clear correlation between consumption, blood concentrations and the score of driving impairment is proved for several years, whereas up to now defining limits for combating drugged driving comprises a lot of challenges. Thus per se limits for alcohol are based on scientific risk research which is a prerequisite to assure the compliance of the population with these regulations. Determining legislative regulations against drugged driving is more difficult, as a variety of aspects have to be taken into account. Especially defining risk thresholds for psychoactive substances is a challenging task. The most relevant information in order to determine thresholds is the information about the accident risk in traffic dependent on different concentrations of single substances. Direct information about the accident risk in traffic can only be gained by conducting epidemiological studies. Thus the data regarding risk estimates of psychoactive substance use in traffic are taken from the DRUID deliverable 2.3.5 In cases where low prevalence epidemiological data do not allow risk calculation (odds ratios) of different concentration ranges from single psychoactive substances the results of experimental studies should be taken into account. In order to integrate study results resulting from different methodologies, a reference curve is helpful. Here alcohol data delivered with these different study methodologies are used as the golden standard. Further on a harmonization of the system for DUI of alcohol and non-alcohol drugs (DUID) leads to achieve the compliance of the population. Therefore impairment limits corresponding to the 0.5 g/L limit for alcohol were defined for the drugs where scientific evidence showed a dose-response relationship for impairment. The main finding of this report is that the three substance categories, which are connected with extremely high risks (OR>10), are the two high alcohol concentrations (0.8 - 1.2 and > 1.2 g/L) and the combination of alcohol and drugs, all of them present with moderate prevalence rates of about 0.4%. In the risk range from a 5-to 10-fold injury alcohol including all concentrations is dominant with a prevalence rate of 3.5%. Moreover the epidemiological doubtful risk of amphetamines, medicinal opioids/opiates and drug-drug combinations are also in this range, but showing much lower prevalence rates (for amphetamines 0.08%) and therefore less demand for action. The group of illicit opiates, z-drugs and cocaine shows risks between 2-3 and prevalence rates lower than 0.5%. The risk associated with cannabis seems to be similar to the risk when driving with a low alcohol concentration (between 0.1 g/L and 0.5 g/L), which is slightly increased to about 1-3 times that of sober drivers. The proposed risk threshold for THC equivalent to 0.5 g/L alcohol is 3.8 ng/ml serum with an added value for measurement error and confidence interval. Thus alcohol, especially in high concentrations must remain focus number one of traffic safety efforts and the combination of alcohol and drugs or medicines seems to be a topic, which should be addressed more intensively because it leads to very high risks in traffic. In determining substance concentration thresholds, stimulant drugs like amphetamines and cocaine pose a particular challenge. The correlation between drug concentration and risk of traffic accidents/impairment is variable or insufficiently documented. In experimental studies, at the (rather low) doses that were given, driving performance increases rather than decreases. However, in epidemiological studies the accident risk is increased, but the data should be handled with care as the risk is calculated with only a few cases. Regarding legally prescribed medicines use it is not reasonable to define cut-off values for patients especially if they are in long-term treatment. Other than with drug users, the responsibility and compliance of patients under long-term treatment is usually high. The disease itself may affect the driving behavior even more and the use of medication could decrease this effect. Dosage effects were only investigated and observed with single users or new users. Hence, an impairment check is an objective way to judge recreational use. Thus a balance between concerns about ensuring road safety and the therapeutic needs of individuals is guaranteed. Additionally a separation of drinking, medicine consumption and driving is necessary and the respective information should be part of the physician's consultation. The epidemiological studies in DRUID have shown that drivers very often use more than one psychoactive substance including alcohol. The combination of alcohol and drugs or medicines, or the combination of more than one drug, increases the accident-risk exponentially. If risk thresholds respective lower effect limits will be implemented, they shouldn't be simply combined in the case of combined consumption. Because of the highly increased accident risk of combined consumption stricter regulations should be elaborated for this case. Details: Gladbach, Germany: Federal Highway Research Institute. 2011. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 5, 2016 at: http://www.bast.de/Druid/EN/deliverales-list/downloads/Deliverable_1_3_1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.bast.de/Druid/EN/deliverales-list/downloads/Deliverable_1_3_1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Shelf Number: 138566 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (Europe)Drugged DrivingDrugs and DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Fitts, Michelle S. Title: An investigation into drink driving among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in regional and remote Queensland and the development of the 'Hero to Healing' program Summary: Indigenous (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) people have been overrepresented in injury and fatality statistics in Australia and internationally for decades. In Australia, road deaths are the second leading cause of fatal injuries for Indigenous people, behind suicide. Currently, Indigenous Australians die from road injuries at almost three times the rate of other Australians. The majority (70%) of approximately 90 fatal injuries per year and 60% of around 1600 serious injuries per year are suffered by Indigenous residents of 'outer regional', 'remote' and 'very remote' localities. Although vehicle and environmental conditions play a role in road crashes in non-urban areas, road safety research has established a strong association between alcohol and more serious and fatal road crashes in regional and remote areas. Moreover, state transport agencies report Indigenous Australians as overrepresented in drink driving arrests while studies investigating drink driving predictors identify Indigenous background as a predictor for drink driving recidivism. Reducing drink driving among Indigenous Australians living in regional and remote areas is, therefore, a priority in road safety and will help to 'close the health gap' between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. However, to-date there is limited information in relation to identifying the characteristics of Indigenous drink drivers or profiling them. Historically, Indigenous people convicted of drink driving have received primarily deterrence-based punishments, including financial penalties and licence suspensions. Such penalties have arguably had limited success in shifting attitudes and behaviour among this group of drivers. Loss of a drivers' licence for Indigenous people often leads to further driving offences such as driving while disqualified, which then may result in more severe punishments such as imprisonment. Australian-designed educational and therapeutic drink driving programs have been developed over the last three decades in response to the harm drink driving causes to public health. However, Australian programs are primarily underpinned by literature based on non-Indigenous drink drivers. Evaluations of such programs, while deemed effective for the non-Indigenous populations, report higher levels of recidivism among Indigenous participants who have completed the program when compared to other participants. There is a limited understanding pertaining as to what motivates and sustains drink driving in regional and remote Indigenous communities as well as the factors that support the behaviour's cessation. Therefore, it is difficult to determine why drink driving programs are not as effective in Indigenous drink driving populations compared to the positive effects they have been shown to have on recidivism as well as health and lifestyle choices of mainstream (general population) drink drivers. This thesis incorporates three independent but linked stages of quantitative and qualitative research designed to comprehensively investigate drink driving behaviour among Indigenous people in Queensland. Specifically, the research investigated the characteristics of Indigenous drink drivers and described the psycho-social, cultural and contextual factors associated with Indigenous drink driving. Using this information, program content and delivery guidelines for implementation of a targeted drink driving countermeasure for Indigenous regional and remote communities were developed and then trialled. The program was piloted in two communities with attendance of drink driving participants, Elders and other community members. A number of additional recommendations were made in relation to the feedback from the pilot. This thesis comprises six papers arising from the three stages of research. Stage One comprised the foundation research and consisted of quantitative methods. The findings of Stage One are based on the analysis of drink driving convictions from 2006-2010, extracted from the Queensland Department of Justice and Attorney General database. The first phase of Stage One provided information about the prevalence and the characteristics of Indigenous drink driving convictions in order to try to understand the higher rate of deaths and serious injuries in regional and remote communities compared to urban areas and also provide information about where the subsequent qualitative investigation should occur. Data on convictions were regrouped by gender, age, Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia classification and sentence severity. The analyses revealed the Indigenous conviction rate to be six times that of the general drink driving conviction rate in Queensland. There were 9,323 convictions, of which the majority were for male persons (77.5%). Half (52.6%) of the convictions were of persons <25 years. Age was significantly different across the five regions for males only, with a larger number of convictions in the 'very remote' region of persons over 40+ years of age. Increased remoteness was linked with high range BAC (≥0.15g/100ml) convictions for both males and females. Repeat offenders were more likely to come from locations other than 'major cities' with the association strongest for courts in the 'very remote' region (OR=2.75, 2.06-3.76, p<.001). Statistical associations between remoteness and drink driving convictions that were identified in Stage One analyses suggested that the studies for Stages Two and Three should focus on outer regional and very remote offenders. Details: Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology, 2015. 374p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/89760/1/Michelle_Fitts_Thesis.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/89760/1/Michelle_Fitts_Thesis.pdf Shelf Number: 139313 Keywords: AboriginalsDriving Under the Influence Drunk Driving Indigenous Peoples |
Author: Kierkus, Christopher A. Title: Michigan DWI-Sobriety Court Ignition Interlock Evaluation: 2016 report Summary: This report was commissioned by the Michigan Association of Treatment Court Professionals (MATCP) and was produced in cooperation with the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Its purpose is to provide the legislature, the Secretary of State, and the Michigan Supreme Court, documentation related to the program participants‟ compliance with court ordered conditions, their progress through the program, and the outcome(s) of being placed on interlock restrictions. This document is the fifth annual report: it provides the reader with an overview of issues pertaining to ignition interlock programs in Michigan, nationally, and internationally. It also summarizes the study design, provides a description of the data, analyzes the operation and effectiveness of the DWI/Sobriety Court interlock program, and discusses innovative practices, obstacles, and lessons learned from the five year study. Details: Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office, 2016. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/admin/op/problem-solving-courts/Drug/Documents/2016%20Ignition%20Interlock%20Final%20Report%20(2).pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/admin/op/problem-solving-courts/Drug/Documents/2016%20Ignition%20Interlock%20Final%20Report%20(2).pdf Shelf Number: 139798 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices (Michigan)Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Loudenburg, Roland Title: South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program Evaluation Supplemental Findings Report Summary: The South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program was developed in direct response to an overwhelming need to address repeat impaired driving offenses in South Dakota. The 24/7 Sobriety Program addresses the problem in a nontraditional manner by requiring impaired driving offenders to completely abstain from alcohol and provide breath tests twice daily at approximately 12 hour intervals. An external evaluation firm was engaged to evaluate the effectiveness of the program and an initial evaluation report was released in December 2011, which included data from 2005 thru December 2010. Since the release of the initial report, an additional year of recidivism data is available in order to evaluate the trends demonstrated in the initial report. This updated report evaluates and updates the South Dakota 24/7 Sobriety Program's overall effectiveness in reducing DUI recidivism among PBTx2 participants through data review and statistical analysis. The report is prepared in conjunction with the South Dakota Attorney General's Office and the South Dakota Department of Public Safety. This report utilizes participant data maintained on the Attorney General's Office 24/7 Sobriety Program web based database (24/7 Database) and offender data maintained by the Unified Judicial System (UJS). Initial sections of the report provide a general description of the 24/7 Sobriety Program, participants, and a summary of test results for twice a day PBT testing (PBTx2). Later sections of the report focus on recidivism analysis of DUI offenders participating in PBTx2. In those later sections, DUI recidivism rates for program participants are compared to nonparticipants using three approaches. Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs is a serious public health and safety problem in the United States. In 2007, impaired drivers with a BAC (blood alcohol content) of .08 or above were responsible for 32% of all traffic fatalities. National statistics reported by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) indicate that approximately one-third of all first-time DUI offenders will have a second DUI offense. In addition, DUI offenders are more likely to be involved in future fatal car crashes than non-DUI offenders. Felony DUI offenses (a third or subsequent DUI offense within ten years of a DUI conviction), vehicular homicide and vehicular battery cases account for approximately 35% of all felony convictions in South Dakota. Between 1996 and 2007, felony DUI offenses and felony drug offenses accounted for approximately 60% of the total felony convictions in South Dakota. Analysis of South Dakota Department of Corrections data indicates that 12.56% of the state prison population is incarcerated for a DUI offense . In FY2011, 90% of men and 95% of women sentenced to the South Dakota Penitentiary had an alcohol or illegal drug dependency. To date, traditional DUI offense intervention efforts that include a combination of education and sanctions report only a modest 7% - 9% reduction in recidivism rates for future impaired driving offenses. While generic alcohol ignition interlock devices are effective while physically installed within an individual's vehicle, recidivism rates are not sustained after removal of the device. More effective strategies to reduce repeat impaired driving offenses are necessary. In 2011, Administrative Rule 2:06 was updated to include the use of ignition interlock devices. With an additional year of data, South Dakota's effort to address DUI recidivism through the 24/7 Sobriety Program continues to show results. The PBTx2 test result data examined in this evaluation reveals that individuals are maintaining a very high level of sobriety while on the 24/7 Sobriety Program. With a sample size of just over 1 million recorded PBTx2 test results, only .6% was recorded as a Failure. Over 53% of the 4,680 24/7 Sobriety Program participants in the sample did not fail a PBTx2 test, and only 9.4% had four or more Failures during a testing period that averaged approximately 120 days. An analysis of PBTx2 participants compared to control groups shows a continued pattern of lower recidivism rates by participants, and suggests that the program clearly has a sustained effect on recidivism rates after program completion. PBTx2 participants generally had lower recidivism rates at one, two, three, and four years when compared to controls. Notably, 12.7% of DUI 2nd offenders not on the program committed another DUI offense within three years, while only 5.9% of the 24/7 Sobriety Program participants committed another DUI within a three-year period. The lower recidivism rate for participating DUI 2nd offenders is statistically significant. The analysis also suggests the 24/7 Sobriety Program is statistically significant in lowering recidivism for DUI offenders who remain on the program for 30 or more consecutive days. Details: Salem, SD: Mountain Plains Evaluation, 2012. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 26, 2016 at: http://apps.sd.gov/atg/dui247/AnalysisSupplementalSD24.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://apps.sd.gov/atg/dui247/AnalysisSupplementalSD24.pdf Shelf Number: 146105 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcoholismDriving Under the Influence (South Dakota)Drunk DrivingIgnition InterlockRecidivism |
Author: Phelps, William Title: Idaho Drug and Alcohol Related Arrests and Charges: 2006-2013 Summary: The arrest data extracted and analyzed are from the Idaho Incident Based Reporting System (IIBRS) repository maintained by Idaho State Police between 2006 and 2013. Court information is from the Idaho Supreme Court for the years 2008‐2013. Since the court data was initially requested for a different report, the date range does not match that of the IIBRS section of the current report. IIBRS Alcohol related arrests have been declining since 2006, while drug related arrests have increased by nearly 18%. Arrests for driving under the influence decreased by 28% between 2006 and 2013. Between 2006 and 2013, 7,764 pounds of marijuana were seized; the most of any drug. Prescription drug seizures peaked in 2012 with 31,730 dosage units seized. Cases involving cocaine decreased between 2006 and 2013 while cases involving opiates (e.g., heroin) increased by 283%. Although offenders arrested for drug or alcohol related offenses are most often male, the proportion of female arrestees increased slightly in 2013. The proportion of female arrestees was largest for cases involving methamphetamine and prescription drugs. In 2013, the offender was suspected of being under the influence of alcohol or drugs in nearly 20% of violent crime arrests. Court Information The rate of alcohol cases declined between 2008 through 2013 from 14.3 to 8.7 per 1,000 people in Idaho. The rate of drug cases increased between 2008 through 2013 from 6.3 to 7.6 cases per 1,000 people. Possession accounted for more than 80% of drug charges and DUIs accounted for nearly 60% of alcohol charges. Drug use/consume cases increased by 24% between 2008 and 2013. Cases involving minors in possession of alcohol decreased by 12% between 2008 and 2013. Individuals age 18‐24 accounted for the largest percentage of defendants in drug and alcohol related cases between 2008 and 2013. More than 40% of drug charges between 2008 and 2013 involved paraphernalia. The most common drug types in transporting/importing cases between 2008 and 2013 included marijuana (38.4%) and methamphetamine (38.9%). Nearly 45% of drug charges and less than 25% of alcohol charges were dismissed. The percent of drug and alcohol related cases involving a probation violation decreased from approximately 11% in 2012 to 6% in 2013. Details: Meridian, ID: Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, Idaho State Police, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2016 at: https://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/inc/documents/AlcoholandDrugTrendReport06-13Final.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/inc/documents/AlcoholandDrugTrendReport06-13Final.pdf Shelf Number: 140514 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderDriving Under the InfluenceDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug OffendersDrunk Driving |
Author: Talpins, Stephen K. Title: The 24/7 Sobriety Program Expansion Project Summary: I. Introduction South Dakota’s 24/7 Sobriety Project is one of the most progressive programs in the country. Conceived of and administered by Attorney General Larry Long, this award-winning program offers several benefits. It has: reduced recidivism; improved public safety; provided an alternative to incarceration and reduced the number of people in local jails; allowed offenders to remain in the community with their family and friends; permitted offenders to maintain employment; cut jail and prison populations; and saved tax dollars by combining enhanced monitoring with real accountability. Offenders pay for their services. Accordingly, although the program was seeded through multiple legislative appropriations, it will be fully self-sustaining by the end of 2009. The Attorney General, several state agencies and local sheriffs, are partnering with the National Partnership on Alcohol Misuse and Crime (NPAMC) to create a national model that integrates evidence and consensus based solutions involving brief screening and interventions, formal assessments, and treatment and employing contingency management with the expectation of achieving even more profound results. Details: a.l.: National Partnership on Alcohol Misuse and Crime, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 15, 2016 at: https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ccjj/Committees/DrugTF/Handout/SD24-7SobrietyProgramExpansionProj_0309.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ccjj/Committees/DrugTF/Handout/SD24-7SobrietyProgramExpansionProj_0309.pdf Shelf Number: 141152 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcoholismDriving Under the Influence (South Dakota)Drunk DrivingRecidivism |
Author: Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Title: Drink driving detections of Victoria Police officers: Analysis of trends from 2000-2015 Summary: To help ensure the public has confidence in how Victoria Police fulfils its duties including adhering to drink driving laws, the Independent Broad-based Anticorruption Commission (IBAC) examined drink driving detections of Victoria Police officers and disciplinary outcomes over the period 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2015 (the sample period). IBAC's analysis identified the typical sworn Victoria Police officer detected for drink driving is a male senior constable with an average of 15 years' service. Most officers are detected off duty while driving a private vehicle and via a random breath testing (RBT) site, with a reading between 0.050 and 0.099. An officer detected drink driving is likely to keep their job but receive some form of sanction such as a fine, good behaviour bond or counselling. The analysis identified the number of officers detected drink driving over the 15 year period has steadily declined. However, other key findings are of concern including: - the median BAC reading of officers detected drink driving has steadily increased - the proportion of officers detected after a collision has increased - the number of officers dismissed for drink driving has increased. Based on its data analysis, IBAC has made a number of recommendations to Victoria Police to strengthen its efforts to discourage officers from drink driving and to respond appropriately when officers are detected driving over the legal BAC limit. IBAC acknowledges that Victoria Police has done some work in this area, however vigilance is required to ensure police officers consistently model the behaviour expected of all members of the community around alcohol consumption and driving. Details: Melbourne: The Commission, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 15, 2016 at: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/drink-driving-detections-of-victoria-police-officers-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/drink-driving-detections-of-victoria-police-officers-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 146153 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingPolice Misconduct |
Author: Ramirez, Anthony Title: New Mexico's Comprehensive Impaired-Driving Program: Crash Data Analysis Summary: In late 2004, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided funds through a Cooperative Agreement to the New Mexico Department of Transportation to demonstrate a process for implementing a comprehensive State impaired-driving system. NHTSA also contracted with the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation to measure the effect of that system on various factors including driving-while-impaired (DWI) crash, injury, and fatality rates; DWI arrest rates; DWI conviction rates; blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rates; and public awareness. New Mexico’s core activities included high-visibility impaired-driving law enforcement operations, increased paid and earned media concerning New Mexico’s law enforcement efforts, and prosecutorial and enforcement training in the five counties with the highest rates of alcohol-involved fatalities. Other components of the comprehensive system include the creation of a Statewide DWI leadership team that provided support and direction to the system and the participation of a Traffic Safety Resource Prosecutor to assist on DWI and other traffic safety laws. The five counties initially participating in the project were Bernalillo, Doña Ana, McKinley, Rio Arriba, and San Juan. Santa Fe County joined that group in 2007. Alcohol-involved (those with BACs of .01 g/dL) fatal crashes decreased by 36.5% in the participating counties during the project period of 2005 to 2009. The rest of the State experienced a 31.6% reduction. Alcohol-impaired (those with a BAC of .08 g/dL or higher) fatal crashes decreased by 35.8% in the participating counties during the same period. The rest of the State experienced a 29% reduction. The decrease in the participating counties was not statistically significantly different from the decrease in the rest of the State. This was likely because there were significant Statewide anti-DWI activities during that period as well. However, overall, New Mexico’s multi-faceted efforts appeared to have benefits for the State. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration., 2014. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 19, 2016 at: https://www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 147760 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Vanlaar, Ward Title: Driving While Impaired Arrest Process Improvement: Six Case Studies of Strategies Used by Law Enforcement to Reduce the Cost and Time of Processing a DWI Arrest Summary: This final report of the Driving While Impaired Arrest Process project includes six case studies of strategies used by law enforcement to reduce the cost and time of processing DWI arrests. The objectives of this study are to identify law enforcement agencies that have made improvements to their DWI arrest procedures that have resulted in time and/or cost savings, and gather data from these jurisdictions to describe any such savings experienced as a result of these improvements. The improvements, their resulting time and cost savings, as well as experiences regarding the implementation of these improvements are described in this report and used to inform the development of a roadmap that other agencies can rely upon if they are interested in implementing these types of solutions. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2016. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 812 308: Accessed January 27, 2017 at: https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812308-dwi-arrest-process-improvement.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812308-dwi-arrest-process-improvement.pdf Shelf Number: 144924 Keywords: ArrestsCosts of Criminal JusticeDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingDUIImpaired Drivers |
Author: Greenway Transportation Planning Title: Minnesota Ignition Interlock Program Evaluation: Final Report Summary: Although there have been trending reductions in impaired driving fatalities over the past few years, Driving While Impaired (DWI) arrests and impaired driving fatalities are still a problem in the US. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported 9,967 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities in 2014, which accounted for 31% of total fatal traffic crashes (NHTSA 2015). In 2015 NHTSA reported that 35,092 people died in motor vehicle traffic crashes, an increase of 7.2 percent over the 32,744 fatalities reported in 2014. This is the largest percentage increase in nearly 50 years. Impaired driving is a serious problem in Minnesota. In 2014, 111 people were killed in alcohol-related crashes. This accounted for 31% of all traffic fatalities in Minnesota. In 2015, the number rose. One hundred thirty-seven people were killed, more than 2,203 were injured, and costs amounted to more than $285 million. In an attempt to deter motorists from driving while impaired and thereby enhancing road safety, the use of ignition interlocks became law in Minnesota on July 1, 2011 with Minnesota Statutes 171.306 - Ignition Interlock Device Program. Research has shown that interlock programs reduce the incidence of impaired driving when an interlock device is installed in the vehicle. A study of New Mexico's interlock program found that offenders who participated in the program had a 61% lower recidivism rate while the device was in use in their vehicle, and a 39% lower recidivism rate following the removal of the interlock compared to offenders who never had the device installed (Marques et al. 2010). The goal of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of the interlock program in Minnesota and provide a comprehensive report to the Minnesota Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) based on the results of the evaluation. Details: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Office of Traffic Safety, 2016. 160p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2017 at: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/reports-statistics/Documents/mn-iid-eval.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/reports-statistics/Documents/mn-iid-eval.pdf Shelf Number: 140777 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Traffic Injury Research Foundation Title: 2016 Annual Ignition Interlock Survey: United States Summary: The Traffic Injury Research Foundation USA, Inc. (TIRF USA) in partnership with the Association of Ignition Interlock Program Administrators (AIIPA) and TIRF in Canada conducted a national survey in 2016 of the number of installed and active ignition interlocks in the United States (U.S.). These data provide a comprehensive picture of interlock installations across the U.S. and are a useful benchmark for state ignition interlock program administrators and the impaired driving community to measure interlock usage and growth in interlock programs on an annual basis. Drunk driving fatalities decreased 51 percent from 1982 to 2015, but it seems progress has been eroded in recent years. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), there were 1,089,171 DWI arrests in 2015. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported 10,265 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities in 2015 which accounted for 29% of total fatalities. This is a 3.2 percent increase from 2014, compared to an overall increase in fatalities of 7.2 percent (NHTSA 2016). Interlock programs have been proven to reduce impaired driving while the interlock is installed in the vehicle. Furthermore, interlocks are associated with a reduction in DWI deaths of up to 15% (see: Kaufman & Wiebe 2016; Lucas et al. 2016; Vanlaar et al. 2017; McGinty et al. 2017) and reductions in DWI recidivism (McCartt et al. 2013). Increasing program participation is paramount to reduce impaired driving fatalities and injuries. A NHTSA study of 28 state interlock programs revealed that there were eight interlock program components which may increase interlock use (Casanova Powell et al. 2016). The feature that was found to have the highest correlation with increasing interlock use was implementing a strong interlock requirement and/or incentive in legislation or policy. All states and the District of Columbia have some form of interlock law that includes either judicial discretion or an administrative requirement or a hybrid of the two. States are encouraged to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their interlock programs. As a result, there have been several interlock law changes over the past few years. To illustrate, in 2014, Alabama, Mississippi, and Missouri passed a law requiring all DWI offenders to install an interlock. Indiana also passed legislation requiring ignition interlocks for repeat offenders, and to allow judges to order interlocks for first-time offenders. South Carolina passed Emma's Law, which requires all high-BAC (0.15) offenders to install an interlock. In 2015, Delaware, and Texas passed an all DWI offender law requiring an interlock. In addition, Kentucky strengthened its ignition interlock law which required an interlock for repeat offenders, high-BAC (0.15) first offenders and offenders who refuse a chemical alcohol test. In 2016, Vermont and Washington D.C. passed an all offender interlock law, and Maryland passed "Noah's law", an all offender law with a five-star rating from MADD (MADD 2017). Details: Hamden, CT: TIRF, 2017. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: http://tirf.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TIRF-USA-Annual-Interlock-SurveyReport-19.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://tirf.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TIRF-USA-Annual-Interlock-SurveyReport-19.pdf Shelf Number: 146101 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol-Impaired DrivingDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramTraffic Safety |
Author: Wolfson, Mark Title: Identifying the Effects of Local Policies and Enforcement Strategies to Prevent Alcohol Use by Older Adolescents Summary: We tracked state and local policy, and measured law enforcement efforts related to underage drinking, in a large sample of local communities in the U.S. We merged these data with data on self-reported youth drinking and consequences, as well as a measure of underage drinking crashes. We then examined the relationships among local alcohol policy, law enforcement strategies, and underage drinking. Several important findings emerged. First, we found that finding historical data on local policy change is very challenging. This is a challenge for the field of alcohol policy research, and creative solutions need to be found. Second, we created an index of alcohol policy that seems to have some predictive validity (the Policy Score). It would be useful to replicate and test this index in future research. Third, we found that some policy domains are relatively untapped, and are in need in further testing and implementation at both the state and local level. Fourth, we found that the policy index was related to lower prevalence of attendance at underage drinking parties among youth; this is an important finding that could inform future community-level efforts. Fifth, we found a positive relationship between the tax score and partygoing; this suggests that communities that enact local tax authority may want to address underage drinking parties, through enforcement efforts and social host policies, at the same time. Finally, we did not find a consistent relationship between enforcement efforts and underage drinking; this is a key area for future research. Details: Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest School of Medicine, 2017. 155p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 10, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/251089.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/251089.pdf Shelf Number: 147648 Keywords: Alcohol Policy Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder Drunk DrivingUnderage Drinking |
Author: Kerns, Timothy J. Title: Effectiveness of an ignition interlock device in reducing alcohol-impaired driving recidivism and alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes in Maryland Summary: Background: Multiple studies have shown that ignition interlock devices reduce alcohol impaired driving recidivism while the device is installed on the vehicle. However, many of these studies rely on convictions and have limited follow-up after the device has been removed from the vehicle. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the characteristics of drivers who installed an ignition interlock device after receiving an alcohol impaired driving citation and a control group that did not install the device and to determine their risk of receiving a subsequent alcohol related citation or being involved in an alcohol related crash. Methods: A Cox proportional hazard test was used to compare the risk of a subsequent citation or motor vehicle crash between the study groups. Results: The interlock group had a lower proportion of females (22.2% interlock vs 24.2% control, p<0.05), and a higher mean age (36.5 years vs 34.3 years, p<0.05). Forty-six percent of those installing an ignition interlock device had a BAC above 0.15 g/dL as compared with 25% in the control group (p<0.05). The BAC test refusal rate was higher among interlock installers (41.4% vs 33.0%, p<0.05). While the device was installed on the subject's vehicle, drivers were 22% less likely to receive an impaired driving citation as compared to the time when the device was not installed (HR=0.78; 95% CI: 0.73-0.84). After removal, the interlock group was 32% more likely to receive an impaired driving citation versus controls (HR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.22-1.42). Similar patterns were observed with respect to motor vehicle crashes. Conclusion: Drivers who have installed an ignition device on their vehicle have a lower risk of receiving a subsequent alcohol involved driving citation and of being involved in an alcohol related motor vehicle crash while the device is on the vehicle as compared to the control group. Upon removal, the risk of both citations and crashes is higher for those who had an interlock device installed. Ignition interlock devices are effective for the time they are used but should not be the only tool to prevent future events of alcohol involved driving among those previously arrested for impaired driving. Details: Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland, 2017. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 20, 2017 at: https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/10713/6751/1/Kerns_umaryland_0373D_10843.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/10713/6751/1/Kerns_umaryland_0373D_10843.pdf Shelf Number: 147743 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol-Impaired DrivingDriving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Lucke, Roy E. Title: Illinois Secretary of State Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device (BAIID): program evaluation and final report Summary: This report evaluates the effectiveness of the Illinois Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device (BAIID) pilot program. This pilot program was initiated in June of 1994 and is still in effect. The primary focus of the study is the comparison of a control group (no interlock device) to a group who used the BAIID. Participants in the study were all multiple DUI offenders who have been granted limited driving relief through a Restricted Driving Permit (RDP) before potential reinstatement of full driving privileges. The report contains five chapters: - Chapter 1 introduces the report and provides some background information; - Chapter 2 contains a review of the literature; - Chapter 3 describes the Illinois BAIID program; - Chapter 4 contains the results of the evaluation; and - Chapter 5 summarizes recommendations arising from the evaluation. This report is based on two earlier documents. The first was completed by Etzkorn and Martin1 and was intended as a preliminary report on the effectiveness of the BAIID devices. Information in this report relating to the origins of the BAIID program and operations of the pilot program are based on that report. A discussion comparing findings of that preliminary evaluation and the current evaluation can be found in Chapter 4. A companion to this report was completed by Lucke, Wark, and Raub under the same contract that funded this study. Its purpose was to provide guidance to the Secretary of State on ending the pilot phase of the BAIID program, making the Illinois program compliant with federal guidelines, reviewing similar programs in other states, and providing options for the future of the Illinois BAIID program. The literature review from that report was updated for this study. Details: Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Center for Public Safety, 2001. 2 vols. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/library/scp/pdf/232-Raub.pdf Year: 2001 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/library/scp/pdf/232-Raub.pdf Shelf Number: 149423 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition InterlocksAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Traffic Injury Research Foundation Title: Impaired Driving Priorities: A Criminal Justice Perspective Summary: The U.S. Federal "Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users," commonly referred to as "SAFETEA-LU" governs federal transportation surface spending and encompasses a broad range of critical transportation issues, including road safety. Impaired driving is a key focus of the safety aspect of this bill. Initiatives in this area are essential in reducing deaths and injuries. The pending re-authorization of this bill, expected to occur in 2010, has become the focus of much debate, lobbying, and negotiation, as agencies with a vested interest in impaired driving are engaged in the process of determining what safety priorities and activities should be included in and supported by the bill. In light of the challenging financial climate in the U.S., it is imperative that the bill contain a strategic emphasis on those policies, programs, and initiatives that will have the greatest impact. It is critical that government officials consider the views of experienced practitioners who work on the frontlines of the DWI system everyday as part of the re-authorization discussions. The Working Group on DWI System Improvements, a coalition of 14 criminal justice organizations, has developed a list of top recommendations for offender-based initiatives that are needed to reduce the impaired driving problem. Recommendation #1: Improve the quality and quantity of data and data collection to support research initiatives and decision-making. Good quality data are essential to understanding the magnitude, characteristics, and trends of the impaired driving problem. It is needed to both guide and drive the research process and to set priorities. Gaps in available data impede decision-making and the development of impaired driving policies, sanctions, and interventions. These gaps must be identified and addressed to achieve new gains in reducing the problem. Overcoming such limitations can enable researchers and practitioners to identify priorities that require further research, and increase understanding of the dynamics of the problem in order to pinpoint ways to increase the effectiveness of strategies to address it. Recommendation #2: Discover answers to key research questions. Key research questions require answers to improve understanding of the scope of the DWI offender problem, particularly in relation to special sub-populations of the problem. Answers will support the development of effective and targeted intervention strategies and guide the application of these interventions in both urban and rural jurisdictions. This research is needed not only to ensure that funding is commensurate with the magnitude of the problem and the ability of practitioners to address it, but also to ensure that programs are cost beneficial. Recommendation #3: Expand programs that work and discontinue those that do not. An important strategy to increase effectiveness in reducing impaired driving is to identify and encourage the implementation of programs and strategies that research has shown to be effective and to discontinue programs and strategies that have not demonstrated positive results. Jurisdictions must invest resources in initiatives that maximize benefits and improve outcomes. Jurisdictions cannot afford to waste scarce resources on programs and strategies that have little or no impact. Failing to evaluate programs can result in the superfluous spending of resources that fails to achieve positive gains, and ongoing investment in programs that do not produce results. Recommendation #4: Establish effective practices and principles for the implementation and delivery of impaired driving strategies. To achieve the benefits and effectiveness shown through research, practices that work are needed to guide program implementation and delivery. Programs often fail as a result of inappropriate or inadequate resource allocation, a lack of training among practitioners, poor communication and coordination across agencies, and unmanageable workloads. In order to improve the way that programs and interventions are implemented, practitioners need more information regarding guiding principles and effective practices. This can save practitioners considerable time, energy and resources. Recommendation #5: Enhance training and education for practitioners regarding effective impaired driving strategies. The proven benefits associated with various interventions, programs, and policies reported in research studies will not be realized unless the research is translated into practice. Too often, practitioners are not aware of the findings from evaluation research or the benefits of various programs and interventions; even in those cases where they are aware of the program/intervention and its benefits they are often uncertain about the details regarding its implementation and delivery. There is, therefore, a need for training to ensure that effective programs/interventions are adopted and delivered appropriately. Recommendation #6: Increase funding to support agency personnel. Successful implementation of interventions and/or programs requires an increase in personnel to support such initiatives. At the same time, staff needs proper training and education so they can adequately meet the demands of their respective roles in relation to implementation. Without sufficient staff or resources to handle increasing responsibilities and workloads it is unlikely that the implementation of the intervention or program will deliver improved outcomes. Too often, personnel are taken for granted when they make some of the greatest contributions to the system. Personnel who deal with insufficient resources, inadequate training, and immense caseloads often suffer "burnout" which contributes to high rates of staff turnover. Recommendation #7: Make DWI a priority across the justice system. Significant progress in reducing impaired driving has stalled. While reductions in traffic fatalities in general have occurred, there has been little significant change regarding alcoholrelated fatalities. At the same time, funding allocated to address this issue has stagnated. This has important implications for agencies within the criminal justice field. Resources have diminished but caseloads and workloads have not. Accordingly, efforts must re-direct the attention of politicians, policymakers, and administrators towards the importance of impaired driving as a pressing social problem in need of continued funding due to the immense costs that this problem has for the justice system. Impaired driving needs to be moved up the list of priorities for the public, politicians, and agencies. Recommendation #8: Enhance measures of system effectiveness. To increase the reliability and validity of findings and develop more accurate determinations of "success", a consistent working definition of recidivism must be created. However, recidivism should not be the sole measure of success. Other potential indicators include the successful completion of treatment, family stability, employment, drinking behavior, reductions in impaired driving crashes and fatalities, improved physical health, educational achievements, and reduced reliance on community resources. Agencies and practitioners should also be consistent in the application of any measures used to determine whether reductions in impaired driving are achieved. Recommendation #9: Improve communication and cooperation across all levels of the system. Across the justice system and agencies, communication and cooperation are necessary components for effectively addressing the impaired driving problem. As a result of the silo mentality, agencies are often unaware of how their policies and practices contribute to successful or failed outcomes at other levels of the system. By working beyond agency borders, practitioners can form partnerships that can lead to increased funding, improved training, and new/improved strategies and approaches for addressing the impaired driving problem.Recommendation #10: Make screening and treatment available at all phases of the system. The treatment of DWI offenders for assessed alcohol use disorders is a critical element in reducing recidivism. There is a growing recognition that appropriate treatment is a necessary component of the DWI system. Treatment is designed to lessen and prevent negative consequences associated with substance abuse (e.g., impaired driving) and to provide support to the offender during relapses. Given the limited resources that are available for and the extensive costs associated with treatment, offenders who do not need or will not benefit from treatment should be screened out. Conclusions The ten recommendations contained in this report have been identified by justice professionals as essential to reducing impaired driving among drunk driving offenders in the future. These recommendations are designed to improve the availability and quality of research, to improve the ability of practitioners to put research into practice through the efficient and effective delivery of programs, and to develop new initiatives that will improve the DWI system as a whole. Increases in dialogue, education and training, and the formation of collaborative partnerships are common themes throughout each of the sections in this report. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers have a joint responsibility to work together in an effort to reduce the occurrence of impaired driving-related injuries, fatalities, and social costs. The pending re-authorization of the U.S. Federal "Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users," in 2010, is an opportunity for practitioners and policymakers to push for the inclusion of impaired driving as a priority issue. Details: Ottawa: TIRF, 2009. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2019 at: http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DWI_2008_Impaired_Driving_Priorities_web.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DWI_2008_Impaired_Driving_Priorities_web.pdf Shelf Number: 118606 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence Driving While Intoxicated Drunk Driving |
Author: Hultgren, Brittney A. Title: Understanding the Decision to Ride with an Impaired Driver Summary: Limited attention has been directed toward reducing passengers riding with drinking drivers (RWDD). Passengers make up 15 percent of all alcohol-related vehicle fatalities, indicating a significant gap in prevention research. This gap may be due to the paucity of research examining determinants of RWDD. This dissertation is composed of three empirical papers that examined different predictors of RWDD. Paper 1 used a dual process behavioral decision-making approach to examine RWDD. Paper 1 results suggest that examining decision-making processes related to both RWDD and viable safe alternatives of RWDD may predict RWDD more comprehensively. Further, all psychosocial variables related to RWDD and alternatives were found to be significantly correlated with all decision-making constructs, indicating they all may be useful targets for change in intervention efforts, especially those with the highest correlations: attitudes, peer injunctive norms, image prototypes, and self-efficacy to use alternatives. Results from Paper 2 support the hypotheses that parent-student communication of RWDD risks are associated with both decreased risky orientations and increased protective orientations. This supports that Parent Based Interventions (PBIs) may be useful for reducing RWDD behavior. However, parent-student communication must occur in a manner that students remember and are responsive. Results from Paper 2 also suggest that parents may be most likely to communicate about the risks of RWDD if they think their spouse and other parents like them have similar conversations with their student. PBIs may be most effective if delivered to both parents or in groups of parents. Paper 3 examined the association between substance use and riding with an alcohol and/or drug impaired driver (RADID) using an event-level design. Results for Paper 3 indicate that probability of RADID increases for students who, on average, engage in polysubstance use. Probability of RADID also increased as the number of substances used in one occasion increased. Further, students with average substance use, were more likely to RADID on nights when 3 or more substances were used. Lastly, results from Paper 3 suggest that using marijuana alone or using alcohol combined with other substances (e.g., tobacco, ADHD medications) increases the likelihood of RADID compared to alcohol use alone. Future work should test efficacy of PBIs, ecological momentary interventions, and efforts combining different intervention delivery methods to reduce RWDD and RADID. Details: Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University, 2017. 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 19, 2018 at: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/14414 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/14414 Shelf Number: 150588 Keywords: Alcohol Use College Drinking Driving Under the Influence Drunk DrivingSubstance Use |
Author: Casanova-Powell, Tara Title: Evaluation of State Ignition Interlock Programs: Interlock Use Analyses From 28 States, 2006-2011 Summary: In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and NHTSA began collaborating on a project to evaluate ignition interlock programs in selected States. The purpose of the evaluation was to provide information and best practices to States for ignition interlock programs. The project was managed by the Governor's Highway Safety Association and conducted by the Preusser Research Group. Research was conducted to determine the following: - How States can increase interlock use among DWI offenders who are required or eligible to install one. - Which changes in ignition interlock programs led to increases in ignition interlock use. - Identify the key features of ignition interlock programs. - Which key program features were related to higher ignition interlock use rates. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, & Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 812 145: Accessed June 27, 2018 at: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/172626.aspx Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/172626.aspx Shelf Number: 150715 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramRecidivism |
Author: Bui, Becky Title: Driving Under the Influence of Drugs and Alcohol: A Report Pursuant to House Bill 17-1315 Summary: "Driving Under the Influence of Drugs and Alcohol, A Report Pursuant to House Bill 17-1315," tracks Colorado DUI offenses in 2016 from arrest through final court outcome, and also examines data from probation. In 2017, the Colorado legislature passed HB 17-1315 directing the Colorado Division of Criminal Justice within the Department of Public Safety to analyze the types of DUI offenses being committed by offenders and issue an annual report. This is the first annual report issued pursuant to that legislation. The data has a one-year lag in order to allow enough time to follow most cases from their initial filing through final court disposition. Analysts with the Division of Criminal Justice Office of Research and Statistics reviewed more than 27,000 case filings with at least one DUI charge and nearly 100,000 total charges associated with these cases in order to examine data such as: Offender demographics - Toxicology results, including type of impairing substance and amount detected in the breath and/or blood stream - Time elapsed from traffic stop to biological sample Charges, final dispositions, and associated traffic charges - Whether the incident resulted in fatalities or injuries. The publication also provides an overview of Colorado's laws, enforcement and detection methods, court processes, and challenges in regards to data. For example, it's important to note that drug-related impairment is likely under-represented in the data compared to alcohol. This is due to the fact that alcohol is faster, easier and cheaper to screen for than other drugs. Once alcohol is detected, agencies have enough evidence to reliably achieve a conviction. Therefore, agencies have not consistently spent the additional money and time to request blood testing for substances beyond alcohol. Details: Denver: Colorado Division of Criminal Justice, 2018. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2018 at: http://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/docs/reports/2018-DUI_HB17-1315.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/docs/reports/2018-DUI_HB17-1315.pdf Shelf Number: 151106 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Kelley-Baker, Tara Title: The Feasibility of Voluntary Ignition Interlocks as a Prevention Strategy for Young Drivers Summary: Young drivers in the United States are at greater risk for alcohol-related crash deaths than any other age group of drivers in the general population. Though efforts have been made to reduce drinking and driving among young drivers (especially teens), there has been only limited progress. One innovative possibility that has not yet been tried for most young drivers is the implementation of a voluntary alcohol ignition interlock program as a preventative approach. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of a voluntary ignition interlock program for young drivers as a prevention measure. Feasibility here implies the acceptability of ignition interlocks to parents and their teenage and young adult children and the extent to which ignition interlock providers are willing to accommodate this at-risk population. This study involved free-flowing discussions conducted in 2010 with a select number of ignition interlock manufacturers and service providers, insurance companies, and representatives of community groups. Additionally, informal meetings were held with a select number of parents, teens and young adults to gain their input on the development of such a program. Finally, ignition interlock recorder data (which included voluntary and involuntary users age16 to 26 years o ld) were examined, and an independently conducted web survey with parents of voluntary users and voluntary users themselves was administered and analyzed. The information was used to help assess the extent to which ignition interlock venders, insurance companies, and community groups may be willing to become involved in a voluntary program, what is needed to recruit participants (teenagers, young adults and their parents) into such a program and, ultimately, the feasibility and acceptability of a voluntary ignition interlock program for young drivers. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration., 2017. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: (Report No. DOT HS 812 425): Accessed September 17, 2018 at: https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/812425-the-feasibility-of-ignition-interlocks-as-a-prevention-strategies-for-young-drivers.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/812425-the-feasibility-of-ignition-interlocks-as-a-prevention-strategies-for-young-drivers.pdf Shelf Number: 151559 Keywords: Alcohol-Impaired Driving Driving Under the Influence Drunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Devices |